Tekinoroji yekushongedza nelaser, nekuda kwekuwanda kwayo kwesimba, kupisa kwakaderera uye kusabatana, kwave chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru mukugadzirwa kwemazuva ano kwakarurama. Zvisinei, matambudziko akadai sekuoxidation, porosity uye kutsva kwezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nekubatana kwedziva rakanyungudutswa nemhepo panguva yekusveta zvinodzivirira zvakanyanya hunhu hwemakanika uye hupenyu hwebasa remusero we weld. Senzira huru yekudzora nharaunda yekusveta, kusarudzwa kwerudzi, mwero wekuyerera uye nzira yekubhururuka kwegasi rinodzivirira kunofanirwa kubatanidzwa nehunhu hwezvinhu (senge makemikari, kupisa) uye ukobvu hweplate.
Mhando dzemagasi ekudzivirira
Basa guru remagasi ekudzivirira riri mukuparadzanisa okisijeni, kudzora maitiro edziva rakanyungudutswa, uye kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekubatana kwesimba. Zvichibva pahunhu hwavo hwemakemikari, magasi ekudzivirira anogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvemagasi asina simba (argon, helium) uye magasi anoshanda (nitrogen, carbon dioxide). Magasi asina simba ane kugadzikana kwakanyanya kwemakemikari uye anogona kudzivirira oxidation yedziva rakanyungudutswa, asi musiyano wavo mukuru muhunhu hwekupisa hunokanganisa zvakanyanya mhedzisiro yewelding. Semuenzaniso, argon (Ar) ine density yakakura (1.784 kg/m³) uye inogona kugadzira coating yakagadzikana, asi thermal conductivity yayo yakaderera (0.0177 W/m·K) inotungamira kutonhora kunononoka kwedziva rakanyungudutswa uye kupinda kwe weld isina kudzika. Kusiyana neizvi, helium (He) ine thermal conductivity yakapetwa kasere (0.1513 W/m·K) kupfuura argon uye inogona kukurumidzisa kutonhora kwedziva rakanyungudutswa uye kuwedzera kupinda kwe weld, asi density yayo yakaderera (0.1785 kg/m³) inoita kuti ive nyore kubuda, ichida mwero wepamusoro wekuyerera kuchengetedza mhedzisiro yekudzivirira. Magasi anoshanda akadai senitrogen (N₂) anogona kuwedzera simba re weld kuburikidza nekusimbaradza solid solution mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, asi kushandiswa zvakanyanya kunogona kukonzera porosity kana kunaya kwe brittle phases. Semuenzaniso, pakusanganisa duplex stainless steel, nitrogen diffusion mudziva rakanyungudutswa inogona kukanganisa ferrite/austenite phase balance, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwe corrosion resistance.
Mufananidzo 1. Kubatanidza simbi isingatsvi ye304L nelaser (kumusoro): Kudzivirira gasi; (pasi): Kudzivirira gasi reN2
Kubva pamaonero ekushanda kwechinhu, simba re ionization re helium (24.6 eV) rinogona kudzvinyirira plasma shielding effect uye kuwedzera laser energy absorption, nokudaro richiwedzera kudzika kwekupinda. Panguva imwecheteyo, simba re ionization re argon (15.8 eV) rinowanzo gadzira plasma clouds, izvo zvinoda defocus kana pulse modulation kuderedza kupindirana. Pamusoro pezvo, chemical reaction pakati pemagasi anoshanda nedziva rakanyungudutswa (senge nitrogen reaction neCr musimbi) inogona kuchinja weld composition, uye kusarudza nokungwarira zvichibva pahunhu hwezvinhu kunodiwa.
Mienzaniso yekushandiswa kwezvinhu:
• Simbi: Muchishandiso chesimbi cheplate cheplate chetete (<3 mm), argon inogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti pamusoro pacho papera, ine ukobvu hwe oxide layer hwe 0.5 μm chete kune musono wesimbi weld weld weld we 1.5 mm low-carbon; pamaplates akakora (>10 mm), helium (He) shoma inofanira kuwedzerwa kuti iwedzere kudzika kwekupinda.
• Simbi Isina Kugayiwa: Kudzivirirwa kweArgon kunogona kudzivirira kurasikirwa kweCr element, neCr iri mukati me18.2% mu 3 mm ukobvu 304 stainless steel weld seam iri pedyo ne18.5% ye base metal; kune duplex stainless steel, musanganiswa weAr-N₂ (N₂ ≤ 5%) unodiwa kuti chiyero chienzane. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti pakushandisa musanganiswa weAr-2% N₂ we 8 mm ukobvu 2205 duplex stainless steel, ferrite/austenite ratio inogara yakagadzikana pa48:52, ine simba rekudhonza re780 MPa, iro riri nani pane pure argon protection (720 MPa).
• Chiumbwa cheAruminiyamu: Ndiro yakatetepa (<3 mm): Kupenya kwakanyanya kwearuminiyamu kunotungamira kune mwero wakaderera wekunyudzwa kwesimba, uye helium, ine simba rayo repamusoro reionization (24.6 eV), inogona kudzikamisa plasma. Tsvagiridzo inoratidza kuti kana 2 mm ukobvu hwearuminiyamu 6061 yakadzivirirwa nehelium, kudzika kwekupinda kunosvika 1.8 mm, kuwedzera ne25% zvichienzaniswa neargon, uye mwero we porosity wakaderera pane 1%. Kune maplate akakora (>5 mm): Maplate akakora earuminiyamu anoda simba rakawanda, uye musanganiswa wehelium-argon (He:Ar = 3:1) unogona kuyera kudzika kwekupinda uye mutengo. Semuenzaniso, pakusanganisa maplate e5083 akakora 8 mm, kudzika kwekupinda kunosvika 6.2 mm pasi pekuchengetedzwa kwegasi rakasanganiswa, kuwedzera ne35% zvichienzaniswa negasi reargon rakachena, uye mutengo wekubatanidza unoderedzwa ne20%.
Cherechedza: Rugwaro rwepakutanga rune zvimwe zvikanganiso uye kusawirirana. Shanduro yakapihwa yakavakirwa pagwaro rakagadziridzwa uye rakabatana.
Simba rekuyerera kwegasi reargon
Mwero wekuyerera kwegasi reargon unokanganisa zvakananga kugona kwekufukidza gasi uye mafambiro emvura mudziva rakanyungudutswa. Kana mwero wekuyerera usina kukwana, gasi harigone kuparadzanisa mhepo zvachose, uye mupendero wedziva rakanyungudutswa unowanzo sanganiswa ne oxidation uye kuumbwa kwemapore egasi; kana mwero wekuyerera wakanyanya, zvinogona kukonzera turbulence, iyo inogona kushambidza pamusoro pedziva rakanyungudutswa uye kutungamira mukudonha kwe weld kana kuputika. Zvichienderana nenhamba yeReynolds ye fluid mechanics (Re = ρvD/μ), kuwedzera kwemwero wekuyerera kuchawedzera kumhanya kwekuyerera kwegasi. Kana Re > 2300, kuyerera kwe laminar kunoshanduka kuita turbulent flow, iyo ichaparadza kugadzikana kwedziva rakanyungudutswa. Nokudaro, kusarudzwa kwemwero wekuyerera kwakakosha kunofanirwa kuongororwa kuburikidza nekuyedza kana simulations dzenhamba (senge CFD).
Mufananidzo 2. Mhedzisiro yeMwero Yakasiyana Yekuyerera Kwegasi PaWeld Seam
Kugadziriswa kwekuyerera kwemvura kunofanirwa kugadziriswa pamwe chete nekupisa kwezvinhu uye ukobvu hweplate:
• Pasimbi nesimbi isina ngura: Pamaplate esimbi matete (1-2 mm), mwero wekuyerera kwemvura unokurudzirwa kuva 10-15 L/min. Pamaplate akakora (>6 mm), anofanira kuwedzerwa kusvika 18-22 L/min kuti adzivise oxidation yemuswe. Semuenzaniso, kana mwero wekuyerera kwesimbi isina ngura ye6 mm ine ukobvu hwe316L iri 20 L/min, kufanana kwekuomarara kweHAZ kunovandudzwa ne30%.
• Pakuumbwa kwearuminiyamu: Kupisa kwakanyanya kunoda kuyerera kwakanyanya kuti nguva yekudzivirira iwedzere. Pakuumbwa kwearuminiyamu ine ukobvu hwe3 mm 7075, mwero wekuyerera kwemvura ndiwo wakaderera (0.3%) kana mwero wekuyerera uri 25-30 L/min. Zvisinei, pamaplate akakora zvakanyanya (>10 mm), zvinodikanwa kuti zvisanganiswe nekuputika kwakabatana kudzivirira kutenderera.
Simba remhepo inovhuvhuta
Gasi rinoputika rinochinja zvakananga maitiro ekuyerera kwedziva rakanyungudutswa uye kudzvinyirirwa kwezvisina kukwana nekudzora divi uye kupararira kwegasi. Gasi rinoputika rinogadzirisa kuyerera kwedziva rakanyungudutswa nekuchinja gradient yekumanikidzwa kwepamusoro uye kuyerera kweMarangoni (kuyerera kweMarangoni). Kuputika kwemativi kunogona kukonzera kuti dziva rakanyungudutswa rifambe nenzira yakatarwa, zvichideredza maburi uye kubatanidzwa kweslag; kuputira kwakabatana kunogona kuvandudza kufanana kwekuumbwa kweweld nekuenzanisa kugoverwa kwesimba kuburikidza nekuyerera kwegasi kwakanangana nemativi akawanda.
Nzira huru dzekufuridza dzinosanganisira:
• Kufefetera kweCoaxial: Kuyerera kwegasi kunobuda nelaser beam, ichifukidza dziva rakanyungudutswa zvakaenzana, zvakakodzera kufefetera nekumhanya kukuru. Chakanakira ndechekuti kugadzikana kwemaitiro kwakanyanya, asi kuyerera kwegasi kunogona kukanganisa kutarisisa kwelaser. Semuenzaniso, kana uchishandisa coaxial blowing pamotokari galvanized steel sheet (1.2 mm), kumhanya kwewelding kunogona kuwedzerwa kusvika 40 mm/s, uye chiyero chekupararira chiri pasi pe0.1.
• Kufemera padivi: Kuyerera kwegasi kunounzwa kubva padivi pedziva rakanyungudutswa, iro rinogona kushandiswa kubvisa tsvina yeplasma kana yepasi, yakakodzera kufemera pakadzika. Semuenzaniso, kana uchifemera pasimbi yeQ345 ine ukobvu hwe12 mm pakona ye30°, kupinda kweweld kunowedzera ne18%, uye mwero wepasi we porosity unoderera kubva pa4% kusvika pa0.8%.
• Kufuridza kwakabatana: Kusanganisa kufuridza kwecoaxial nepadivi, kunogona kudzvinyirira panguva imwe chete kuoxidation uye kupindirana kweplasma. Semuenzaniso, kune 3 mm ukobvu 6061 aruminiyamu alloy ine dhizaini ye double nozzle, mwero wekupfava unoderedzwa kubva pa2.5% kusvika pa0.4%, uye simba rekudhonza rinosvika 95% yezvinhu zvepasi.
Simba rekudzivirira gasi pamhando yekuwelding rinobva mukudzora kwaro kutamiswa kwesimba, thermodynamics yedziva rakanyungudutswa, uye maitiro emakemikari:
1. Kufambiswa kwesimba: Kufambiswa kwesimba kwakanyanya kwehelium kunokurumidza kutonhora kwedziva rakanyungudutswa, zvichideredza hupamhi hwenzvimbo ine kupisa (HAZ); kufambiswa kwesimba kushoma kweargon kunowedzera nguva yekuvapo kwedziva rakanyungudutswa, izvo zvinobatsira pakuumbwa kweplate dzakatetepa pamusoro.
2. Kugadzikana kwedziva rakanyungudutswa: Kuyerera kwegasi kunokanganisa kuyerera kwedziva rakanyungudutswa kuburikidza nesimba rekuchekwa, uye mwero wakakodzera wekuyerera unogona kudzvinyirira kudonha kwemvura; mwero wakawandisa wekuyerera kwemvura unokonzera mhepo, zvichikonzera zvikanganiso zve weld.
3. Kudzivirira makemikari: Magasi asina simba anoparadzanisa okisijeni uye anodzivirira okisijeni yezvinhu zve alloy (zvakadai seCr, Al); magasi anoshanda (akadai seN₂) anochinja hunhu hwe weld kuburikidza nekusimbaradza mhinduro yakasimba kana kugadzirwa kwe compound, asi huwandu hwayo hunofanira kudzorwa nemazvo.
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-09-2025
