Nheyo yekugadzirwa kweLaser

Sei tichifanira kuziva musimboti wema lasers?

Kuziva mutsauko uripo pakati pema lasers akajairika e semiconductor, fibers, discs, uyeLaser yeYAGzvinogonawo kubatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani uye kuita hurukuro dzakawanda panguva yekusarudza.

Nyaya iyi inonyanya kutaura nezvesainzi yakakurumbira: sumo pfupi pamusoro penheyo yekugadzira laser, chimiro chikuru chema laser, uye mhando dzakasiyana dzema laser.

Chekutanga, musimboti wekugadzirwa kwelaser

Laser inogadzirwa kuburikidza nekudyidzana kuripo pakati pechiedza nezvinhu, kunozivikanwa se stimulated radiation amplification; Kunzwisisa stimulated radiation amplification kunoda kunzwisisa pfungwa dzaEinstein dzekubuda kwega kwega, stimulated absorption, uye stimulated radiation, pamwe nedzimwe dzidziso dzinodiwa.

Hwaro hwedzidziso 1: Muenzaniso weBohr

Modhi yeBohr inonyanya kupa chimiro chemukati chemaatomu, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa kuti ma lasers anoitika sei. Atomu inoumbwa nenucleus nemaerekitironi ari kunze kwenucleus, uye ma orbitals emaerekitironi haasi ega. Maerekitironi ane ma orbitals akati wandei chete, ayo mukati me orbital inonzi ground state; Kana electron iri mu ground state, simba rayo ndiro rakaderera. Kana electron ikasvetuka kubva mu orbit, inonzi start excited state yekutanga, uye simba re ground state rekutanga richave rakakwirira kupfuura re ground state; Imwe orbit inonzi second excited state;

Chikonzero chinoita kuti laser iitike ndechekuti maerekitironi anofamba nenzira dzakasiyana mumuenzaniso uyu. Kana maerekitironi achitora simba, anogona kumhanya kubva pasi kuenda kumamiriro ekufara; Kana erekitironi richidzoka kubva pasi kuenda kumamiriro ekufara, rinoburitsa simba, iro rinowanzo buritswa muchimiro chelaser.

Hwaro hwepfungwa 2: Dzidziso yaEinstein yeMwaranzi Yakakurudzirwa

Muna 1917, Einstein akakurudzira dzidziso yemwaranzi inomutswa, inova ndiyo hwaro hwedzidziso yekugadzirwa kwemalaser nelaser: kunyudzwa kana kuburitswa kwezvinhu kunobva pakudyidzana kuripo pakati pemunda wemwaranzi nezvikamu zvinoumba zvinhu, uye musimboti wayo ndiko kuchinja kwezvikamu pakati pemazinga akasiyana esimba. Kune maitiro matatu akasiyana mukudyidzana pakati pechiedza nezvinhu: kuburitswa kwesimba, kuburitswa kwesimba, uye kunyudzwa kwesimba. Kune sisitimu ine huwandu hwakawanda hwezvikamu, maitiro aya matatu anogara aripo uye ane hukama hwepedyo.

Kubuda kwetsvina kunoitika pasina kurongwa:

Sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo: elektroni iri padanho reE2 rine simba rakawanda inoshanduka yoga ichienda padanho reE1 rine simba rakaderera yoburitsa photon ine simba reHV, uye HV=E2-E1; Maitiro aya ekuchinja asingatarisirwi uye asina hukama anonzi Spontaneous transition, uye mafungu echiedza anoburitswa neSpontaneous transitions anonzi Spontaneous radiation.

Hunhu hwekubuda kwechiedza netsaona: Photon yega yega yakazvimiririra, ine mafambiro akasiyana uye zvikamu, uye nguva yekuitika kwayo haina kurongeka. Ndeyechiedza chisina kurongeka uye chisina kurongeka, icho chisiri chiedza chinodiwa nelaser. Nokudaro, maitiro ekugadzira laser anofanira kuderedza rudzi urwu rwechiedza chisina kurongeka. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei kureba kwema laser akasiyana-siyana kune chiedza chisina kurongeka. Kana ikadzorwa zvakanaka, chikamu chekubuda kwechiedza netsaona mulaser chinogona kufuratirwa. Kana laser yakachena, senge 1060 nm, yese iri 1060 nm, Rudzi urwu rwelaser rune mwero wakadzikama wekunyudzwa nesimba.

Kunyudzwa kwakakurudzirwa:

Maerekitironi ari padanho resimba rakaderera (orbital yakaderera), mushure mekunyudza maphoton, kuchinja kuenda kudanho resimba rakakwirira (orbital yakakwira), uye maitiro aya anonzi stimulated absorption. Stimulated absorption inokosha uye imwe yenzira huru dzekupomba. Pombi ye laser inopa simba re photon kuti iite kuti zvidimbu zviri mu gain medium zvienderane ne transition uye kumirira mwaranzi inosimudzirwa padanho resimba rakakwirira, ichiburitsa laser.

Mwaranzi inosimudzirwa:

Kana ikavhenekerwa nechiedza chesimba rekunze (hv=E2-E1), elektroni iri padanho resimba rakakwirira inofashukira nephoton yekunze yosvetukira padanho resimba rakaderera (orbit yepamusoro inomhanya kuenda kuorbit yakaderera). Panguva imwe chete, inoburitsa photon yakafanana chaizvo nephoton yekunze. Maitiro aya haatore chiedza chekutanga chekufadza, saka pachava nemaphoton maviri akafanana, ayo anogona kunzwisiswa sezvo elektroni ichiburitsa photon yakambotorwa. Maitiro aya echiedza anonzi stimulated radiation, inova nzira yekudzokera shure yekunyanyiswa kwesimba.

Mushure mekunge dzidziso yacho yajeka, zviri nyore kwazvo kugadzira laser, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pamusoro apa: mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa ekugadzikana kwezvinhu, maerekitironi mazhinji ari muvhu, maerekitironi ari muvhu, uye laser inoenderana nemwaranzi inomutswa. Nokudaro, chimiro che laser ndechekubvumira kunyudzwa kunomutswa kutanga, zvichiunza maerekitironi padanho repamusoro resimba, uye zvobva zvapa mufaro wekuita kuti maerekitironi akawanda epamusoro-soro apfuure nemwaranzi inomutswa, zvichiburitsa maphoton. Kubva pane izvi, laser inogona kugadzirwa. Tevere, tichazivisa chimiro che laser.

Chimiro cheLaser:

Enzanisa chimiro chelaser nemamiriro ekugadzirwa kwelaser ataurwa kare rimwe nerimwe:

Mamiriro ezvinhu uye chimiro chakafanana:

1. Kune gain medium inopa amplification effect se laser working medium, uye activated particles dzayo dzine simba rakakodzera kugadzira stimulated radiation (inokwanisa kupomba maerekitironi kuenda kuma orbitals ane simba rakawanda uye inogara kwenguva yakati, uye yozoburitsa ma photon kamwe chete kuburikidza ne stimulated radiation);

2. Kune chinhu chinoburitsa chiedza chekunze (pombi) chinogona kupomba maerekitironi kubva padanho repasi kuenda padanho repamusoro, zvichikonzera kuchinja kwenhamba yezvikamu pakati pemazinga epamusoro neepasi elaser (kureva, kana paine zvikamu zvine simba rakawanda kupfuura zvikamu zvine simba rakaderera), zvakaita serambi rexenon muYAG lasers;

3. Kune nzvimbo ine resonant inogona kuita kuti laser oscillation, kuwedzera urefu hwekushanda kwezvinhu zvinoshanda nelaser, kuvharidzira light wave mode, kudzora divi rekupararira kwedanda, kuwedzera frequency yemwaranzi inomutswa kuti ivandudze monochromaticity (kuva nechokwadi chekuti laser inoburitswa nesimba rakati).

Chimiro chakafanana chinoratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pamusoro, chinova chimiro chakareruka cheYAG laser. Zvimwe zvivako zvingave zvakaoma, asi chikuru ndeichi. Maitiro ekugadzira laser anoratidzwa mumufananidzo:

Kupatsanurwa kweLaser: kunowanzo patsanurwa ne gain medium kana ne laser energy form

Kuwana chikamu chepakati:

Laser yekabhoni dhayiokisaidhi: Chinhu chinobatsira pakuwana carbon dioxide laser ihelium uyeLaser yeCO2,ine wavelength yelaser ye10.6um, inova imwe yezvigadzirwa zvelaser zvekutanga kutanga. Kubatanidza kwelaser kwekutanga kwaive kwakavakirwa zvakanyanya pa carbon dioxide laser, iyo parizvino inonyanya kushandiswa pakusanganisa nekucheka zvinhu zvisiri zvesimbi (machira, mapurasitiki, huni, nezvimwewo). Pamusoro pezvo, inoshandiswawo pamichina ye lithography. Carbon dioxide laser haigone kutapurirwa kuburikidza ne optical fibers uye inofamba nenzira dze spatial optical, Tongkuai yekutanga yakagadzirwa zvakanaka, uye michina yakawanda yekucheka yakashandiswa;

Laser yeYAG (yttrium aluminum garnet): Makristaro eYAG akasanganiswa neodymium (Nd) kana yttrium (Yb) metal ions anoshandiswa se laser gain medium, ine emission wavelength ye1.06um. Laser yeYAG inogona kuburitsa mapulse akakwira, asi avhareji yesimba yakaderera, uye peak power inogona kusvika ka15 kanopfuura simba reavhareji. Kana iri laser yepulse yakanyanya, continuous output haigone kuwanikwa; Asi inogona kutumirwa kuburikidza ne optical fibers, uye panguva imwe chete, mwero wekunyudzwa kwezvinhu zvesimbi unowedzera, uye iri kutanga kushandiswa mu high reflectivity materials, yekutanga kushandiswa mumunda we3C;

Fiber laser: Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa pamusika inoshandisa ytterbium doped fiber senzira yekuwedzera simba, ine wavelength ye1060nm. Inopatsanurwazve kuita fiber uye disc lasers zvichienderana nechimiro chechinhu chacho; Fiber optic inomiririra IPG, nepo disc ichimiririra Tongkuai.

Semiconductor laser: Gain medium i semiconductor PN junction, uye wavelength ye semiconductor laser inonyanya kuva pa 976nm. Parizvino, semiconductor near-infrared lasers inonyanya kushandiswa pakufukidza, ine mavara echiedza ari pamusoro pe 600um. Laserline ibhizinesi rinomiririra semiconductor lasers.

Yakarongwa nechimiro chesimba: Pulse laser (PULSE), quasi continuous laser (QCW), continuous laser (CW)

Pulse laser: nanosecond, picosecond, femtosecond, iyi high-frequency pulse laser (ns, pulse width) inogona kuwana simba repamusoro-soro, high frequency (MHZ) processing, inoshandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhangura nealuminium, pamwe nekuchenesa zvakanyanya. Nekushandisa high peak energy, inogona kukurumidza kunyungudutsa zvinhu zvepasi, nenguva shoma yekushanda uye nzvimbo diki inokanganiswa nekupisa. Ine zvakanakira pakugadzira zvinhu zvakatetepa zvakanyanya (pasi pe0.5mm);

Quasi continuous laser (QCW): Nekuda kwehuwandu hwekudzokorora kwakanyanya uye kutenderera kwakaderera (pasi pe50%), upamhi hwekurova kwemoyoLaser yeQCWinosvika 50 us-50 ms, ichizadza mukaha uripo pakati pe kilowatt level continuous fiber laser uye Q-switched pulse laser; Simba guru re quasi continuous fiber laser rinogona kusvika kagumi simba repakati pemagetsi pasi pekushanda kwe continuous mode. Ma QCW lasers anowanzova nenzira mbiri, imwe ndeye continuous welding pamagetsi mashoma, uye imwe ndeye pulsed laser welding ine simba guru repamusoro renguva kagumi simba repakati pemagetsi, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti zvinhu zvikobvu uye kupisa kwakawanda, ukuwo zvichidzora kupisa mukati mechikamu chidiki kwazvo;

Laser Inoenderera Mberi (CW): Iyi ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa, uye mazhinji ema laser anowanikwa pamusika ma CW lasers anoramba achiburitsa laser yekugadzirisa welding. Ma fiber lasers akakamurwa kuita single-mode uye multi-mode lasers zvichienderana nehukuru hwakasiyana hwepakati uye hunhu hwe beam, uye anogona kugadziriswa zvichienderana nemamiriro akasiyana ekushandiswa.