Kukwesha neLaser - Kupesvedzera kweMaparamita Ekuchinja paAdjustable Ring Mode (ARM) Kukwesha neLaser yeAluminium Alloys

Kukwesha neLaser - Kupesvedzera kweMaparamita Ekuchinja paAdjustable Ring Mode (ARM) Kukwesha neLaser yeAluminium Alloys

1. Pfupiso

Chidzidzo ichi chinoongorora mhedzisiro ye oscillation amplitude uye frequency pamhando yepamusoro, macro uye microstructures, uye porosity ye adjustable ring mode (ARM)welded ne laser inotendereraMaplate eA5083 aruminiyamu alloy. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti nekuwedzera kwehukuru hwe oscillation amplitude uye frequency, kunaka kwe weld pamusoro kunovandudzwa. Sezvo amplitude ichiwedzera, weld cross-section inoshanduka kubva pachimiro che "goblet" kuenda kuchimiro che "crescent". Ongororo ye microstructural inoratidza kuti saizi ye grain ye weld haideredzi nekuwedzera kwehukuru hwe oscillation amplitude uye frequency nekuda kwemakwikwi ari pakati pe stirging effect uye kudzikira kwe cooling rate. Weld porosity inoderera nekuwedzera kwe oscillation parameters, ichisvika porosity yekupedzisira ye 0.22% kana amplitude iri 2 mm. Three-dimensional X-ray tomography inosimbisawo pesvedzero ye oscillation pakugoverwa kwe pore: ma pores makuru anowanzo ungana kumashure kwedziva rakanyungudutswa, nepo ma pores madiki achiratidza symmetry iri nani. Tsvagiridzo iyi inopa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekugadzirisa ma parameter e oscillation kuti uwane laser welding yepamusoro mu A5083 aluminium alloy applications.

2 Nhoroondo yeIndasitiri

Aluminum alloys ine zvakanakira zvehuremu hwakareruka, simba rayo guru, uye kuramba kwayo kukora, uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumotokari, njanji dzinomhanya zvakanyanya, mundege nedzimwe nzvimbo. Kushongedza nelaser kune zvakanakira zvekushanda zvakanaka, nzvimbo diki inokanganiswa nekupisa, uye kuchinja kudiki kwekushongedza ne welding. Nokudaro,Kusonta ne laser inzira inodhura yekusonta yakakodzera mapurati gobvu, izvo zvinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya huwandu hwema weld pass. Porosity idambudziko guru mukukwesha kwearuminiyamu nelaser, izvo zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya hunhu hwemakanika ema weld joints. Nokudaro, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaitwa kuderedza nekubvisa kuumbwa kwema porosity, kusanganisira kugadzirisa gasi rekudzivirira, kushandisa tekinoroji ye dual-beam, kushandisa modulated laser power systems, uye kushandisa nzira dze oscillating beam. Tekinoroji ye laser oscillating welding inoonekwa nekukwanisa kwayo kusanganisa mabhenefiti e laser welding nehunhu hwayo. Kushandisa laser oscillating welding hakungoderedzi ma porosity chete asiwo kunovandudza microstructure ye weld uye kusimudzira mhando ye weld. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakatarisa zvakanyanya pazvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zve laser oscillating welding, kusanganisira kuderedza porosity, kugadzirisa kugoverwa kwesimba, kunatsiridza chimiro chezviyo, uye hunhu hwekuyerera kwekunyunguduka mudziva rakanyungudutswa. Kugoverwa kwesimba relaser kunoita basa rakakosha mukugoverwa kwetembiricha uye kudzika kwekupinda kwe laser welding. Pahuwandu hwakati hwe oscillation amplitude, nekuwedzera kwe scanning frequency, maitiro e welding anoshanduka kubva pa deep penetration welding kuenda ku unstable welding, uye pakupedzisira kuenda ku heat conduction welding. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti kuwedzera amplitude uye frequency yekuskena kunogona kuderedza porosity, asiwo kuderedza zvakanyanya kudzika kwekupinda kwe weld, nokudaro zvichideredza hunhu hwemakanika hwe weld. Mumakore achangopfuura, laser inogadziriswa ye adjustable ring mode (ARM) yakagadzirwa, iyo inoparadzanisa simba re laser kuita core ine simba rakawanda uye ring ine simba rakaderera, nechinangwa chekudzikamisa keyhole uye kuvandudza kunaka kwe welding. Vatsvaguriri vakashandisa ARM laser oscillating welding ku weld 6xxx high-strength aluminium alloys pasi pe core/ring power ratios dzakasiyana uye oscillation widths. Mhedzisiro yekuyedza inoratidza kuti chinhu chikuru chinokanganisa weld geometry i oscillation width, kwete core-ring power ratio. Zvisinei, pore distribution uye inhibition mechanism yayo pasi pe superposition ye oscillation ne ARM laser hazvina kudzidzwa. Mupepa rino, tekinoroji itsva ye ARM laser oscillating welding inoshandiswa kuderedza porosity ye weld, kuwana kudzika kwakanyanya kwekupinda uye kunaka kwe weld kuri nani. Chidzidzo chakakwana pamusoro pekugoverwa kwesimba relaser, maitiro ekuchinja kwedziva rakanyungudutswa, uye chimiro che microstructure pasi pema frequency akasiyana-siyana e oscillation uye amplitudes anoitwa.

3. Zvinangwa zveKuedza uye Maitiro

Tekinoroji yesimbi yedenderedzwa nelaser oscillating welding yakashandiswa kusanganisa alloys dzearuminiyamu. Chinhu chepasi (BM) chaive 5083-O alloy yearuminiyamu ine saizi ye300mm × 100mm × 5mm (kureba × upamhi × ukobvu), uye kuumbwa kwayo kwemakemikari kunoratidzwa mutafura. Vasati vasanganisa, sampuli dzaikweshwa kuti dzibvise firimu repamusoro peokisijeni, dzozocheneswa neacetone mubhavhu re ultrasonic kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu kuti dzibvise mafuta epamusoro.sisitimu yekucheka nelaserZvikuru zvinoumbwa nerobhoti reKuka, TruDisk 8001 disk laser, uye 3D PFO galvanometer scanner. TruDisk 8001 disk laser yakashandiswa senzvimbo yelaser inogadziriswa yering mode, ine chiyero che core/ring fiber che 100/400 μm uye simba guru rekuburitsa re 8 kW (wavelength ye 1030 nm, parameter yemhando ye beam ye 4.0 mm·rad). Beam relaser rinoumbwa nechikamu che core nechikamu che ring, uko laser iri pakati pechikamu che core inogadzira keyhole (60% yesimba re laser), uye laser iri muchikamu che ring inoita kuti tembiricha igoverwe zvakanaka (40% yesimba re laser), sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo (b). Marefu e focal e collimator ne focusing lens ari 138 mm ne 450 mm, zvichiteerana. Munguva yekupinza, kamera yePhantom V1840 inomhanya uye Cavilux light source yakashandiswa kutarisa maitiro ekupinza munguva chaiyo, nekumhanya kwekupfura kwe5000 fps uye nguva yekubuda ye1 μs. Muchidzidzo ichi, nzira yekutenderera yedanda redenderedzwa, nzira yekufamba nelaser, uye kumhanya kwekukurumidza zvinotsanangurwa sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo.

4 Mhedzisiro neKukurukurirana

4.1 Hunhu hweWeld Maumbirwo epamusoro peweld pasi pemhando dzakasiyana dze laser oscillation anoratidzwa mumufananidzo. Mhedzisiro inoratidza kuti pamusoro peweld ye welding yakajairika yakatwasuka haina kunaka (kuoma kwe78.01 μm), nekuramba kuripo kwema weld ripples uye kusakwana kwe weld kupararira. Kuumbwa kwe weld kusina kukwana, kupararira kwakanyanya, uye kuchekwa kushoma kwakaonekwawo. Nekuwedzera kwe oscillation amplitude uye frequency, weld surface inopa makomba ehove akaenzana uye akasimba. Kuoma kwepamusoro kwe welds ne oscillation amplitudes ye0.5 mm, 1 mm, uye 2 mm i80.71 μm, 49.63 μm, uye 31.12 μm, zvichiteerana. Hapana kusarongeka kana kubuda kunokonzerwa ne spatter. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti oscillation frequency yakakwira inotungamira mukuyerera kwedziva rakanyungudutswa nguva dzose, simba rakasimba re laser beam, uye weld surface yakanaka kwazvo. Chaizvoizvo, chimiro che laser weld chinokonzerwa nekufamba kwe laser beam. Panguva yekubatanidza, shanduko mu oscillation amplitude uye frequency zvinoshandura kumhanya kwe welding, nokudaro zvichikanganisa linear energy density uye total heat input ye laser. Cross-sectional morphology ye weld yakaita se "goblet", ine zvikamu zviviri: chikamu chezasi i "stem", uye chikamu chepamusoro i "ndiro". Kudzika kwekupinda uye "stem" zvinotsanangurwa seH1 neH2, zvichiteerana, uye hupamhi hwe weld ("ndiro") ne "stem" zvinotsanangurwa seW1 neW2, zvichiteerana. Weld widths dzese W1 neW2 dzinowedzera pamwe chete nekuwedzera kwe oscillation amplitude, uye weld morphology inoshanduka zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pa "goblet" shape kuenda ku "crescent". Maximum laser energy density inoonekwa pa trajectory overlap. Kuenzanisa Mifananidzo (b, d) uye (c, e), zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekuskena kuchawedzera nzvimbo inopindirana yenzira yekuskena, zvichiita kuti kugoverwa kwesimba relaser kuve kwakafanana. Zvisinei, kudzikiswa kwehuwandu hwesimba guru kuchaita kuti kudzika kweweld kuderera.

4.2 Maitiro eDziva Rakanyungudutswa Kuti kujekeswe simba renzira yekuskena pamaitiro edziva rakanyungudutswa, sisitimu yekamera inomhanya zvikuru yakashandiswa kuona maitiro ekushanduka kwedziva rakanyungudutswa neburi rekiyi. Mufananidzo (a) unoratidza maitiro ekushanduka kwedziva rakanyungudutswa pasi penzira yakatwasuka. Mifananidzo (bf) ndiwo madhayagiramu ekushanduka kwedziva rakanyungudutswa pasi pematanho akasiyana ekufamba-famba. Nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekufamba-famba uye amplitude, chikamu chekumashure chedziva rakanyungudutswa chinova chakatenderera zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehupamhi hwedziva rakanyungudutswa. Sezvo kureba kwedziva rakanyungudutswa kuchiwedzera, kushanduka kwepamusoro kunokonzerwa nekuputika kweburi rekiyi kunoderera panguva yekupararira kumashure. Naizvozvo, simbi yakanyungudutswa inosimba zvakanaka uye nguva dzose kumucheto kwekumashure kwedziva rakanyungudutswa, ichigadzira zviyero zvehove zvakafanana uye zvakatetepa. Mufananidzo unoratidza shanduko yenzvimbo yekuvhura keyhole panguva yekubatanidza laser, iyo inobva mumifananidzo yemifananidzo inokurumidza yedziva rakanyungudutswa. Sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo (a), panguva yekubatanidza mutsetse wakatwasuka, saizi yekuvhura keyhole inoratidza kushanduka kuri pachena. Zviitiko zvakati wandei zvekuvharwa kwegomba rekiyi (0 mm²) zvakaonekwa, neavhareji yenzvimbo yekuvhura gomba rekiyi ye0.47 mm². Kuwedzera kwehukuru hwe oscillation kunogonawo kuderedza kuchinja uye kuvandudza kugadzikana. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mukushongedza kwe oscillating, chikamu chikuru chesimba chinogoverwa kumativi ese. Nokudaro, nzvimbo yekubuda pagomba rekiyi inowedzera, uye hukuru hwe oscillation hunowedzera, nokudaro zvichiwedzera nzvimbo yekuvhura. Kuwedzera kwehukuru kunowedzera stirling range ye laser beam, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwe radius yekufamba kwenguva kwegomba rekiyi. Nekuda kwekusimba kwesimbi yakanyungudutswa uye hydrodynamic pressure inoshanda pedyo nemadziro egomba rekiyi, kufamba kwe eddy current kunoitika mudziva rakanyungudutswa re welding pedyo nekuvhura gomba rekiyi. Kuwedzera kwenzvimbo yekuvhura gomba rekiyi kunowedzera kugadzikana kwaro, kudzivirira kuumbwa kwemabubbles, uye nokudaro zvinodzivirira zvakanyanya porosity.

4.3 Magadzirirwo Madiki Mufananidzo uyu unoratidza chimiro cheEBSD chechikamu cheweld pasi pemafrequency akasiyana-siyana e oscillation uye amplitudes. Pedyo nemutsetse we fusion we laser weld, columnar dendrite grains inokura ichienda pakati pe weld. Sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo (a), pakati penzvimbo dze "ndiro" ne "stem", musiyano uri pachena mukugoverwa kwe columnar grain unogona kuonekwa. Columnar grains dzinoparadzirwa muchimiro cheU pamadziro e "ndiro", nepo munzvimbo ye "stem", columnar grains dzinoparadzirwa muchimiro cheU pamutsetse we fusion. Munguva yekusimbisa weld, zvidimbu zvakasimbiswa zvishoma munzvimbo ye fusion zvinoshanda senzvimbo dze nucleation dzemberi yekusimbisa uye zvinokura zvakananga kumuganhu wedziva rakanyungudutswa padivi pe gradient yepamusoro yekupisa. Chiitiko ichi chinoitika nekuti simba rakawanda re laser rinotungamira kupisa mukati medziva re welding. Iyo thermal gradient yakakwira G uye mwero wekukura wakaderera R zvinoita kuti G/R ive yakakura kupfuura chiyero chekuchinja kwe microstructure, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwezvikamu zve columnar. Kupisa kweG panzvimbo yekukwevera kunoderera, zvichiita kuti chiyero cheG/R chidzike zvishoma nezvishoma pasi pechikamu chekuchinja kwechimiro, zvichichinja kuita zviyo zvakaenzana. Zviyo zvakaenzana zviri pakati pe "ndiro" ne "dzinde". Sezvo "dzinde" re "weld" rakamanikana uye riri pedyo nechinhu chepasi, rinosimba zvachose pamberi penzvimbo ye "ndiro" panguva yekutonhora. Chikamu che "dzinde" chakasimba chinoshanda senzvimbo ye nucleation pasi pe "ndiro", zvichikurudzira kukura kwepamusoro kwezviyo zve columnar. Mufananidzo unoratidza maitiro ekukwevera akatwasuka uye anotenderera. Zvinoratidzwa kuti kuchinja kunoramba kuripo kwenzvimbo ye laser beam mu laser oscillating welding kuchawedzera hurefu hwedziva rakanyungudutswa, zvichinyungudutsa simbi yatove yakasimba, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwehuwandu hwekukura kwezviyo r. Izvi zvinogona kutungamira kudzikira kweG/R munzvimbo yepasi ye equiaxed grain zone.

4.4 Kugoverwa kwePorosity X-ray tomography yakashandiswa kuongorora zvakakwana weld, kuwana kugoverwa kwetatu-dimensional kwemapores ari mu weld, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo. Porosity inoverengwa sehuwandu hwese hwemapores hwakakamurwa nehuwandu hwese hwe weld. Nekuenzanisa chimiro chepore uye kugoverwa kwe straight-line laser oscillating welds uye circular laser oscillating welds, zvinowanikwa kuti straight-line laser oscillating welds dzine mapores akakura, ane 2.49%, ayo akakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura e circular.welds dzinotenderedza nelaser. Nekuenzanisa Mifananidzo (b, c) uye (d, e), zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kuwedzera frequency ye oscillation kunobatsira kudzivirira kuumbwa kwema pores. Kuenzanisa Mifananidzo (b, d) uye (c, e), zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kuwedzera kwe oscillation amplitude kunewo basa guru mukudzivirira kuumbwa kwema pore. Kana oscillation amplitude yakawedzerwa kusvika 2 mm (Mufananidzo (f)), porosity inoderedzwa kusvika 0.22%, zvichisiya ma small-volume nema small pores chete. Mufananidzo unoratidza kugoverwa kwenzvimbo yema pore padaro rakasiyana kubva pakati pe weld, zvichimiririra porosity zvichienderana nehukuru hwenzvimbo yema pore. Pa welding yakatwasuka, nzvimbo yema pore inogoverwa zvakaenzana pamwe chete ne weld centerline, uye zvishoma nezvishoma inoderera nekuwedzera kwedaro kubva pakati pe weld. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti ma keyhole-induced pores anonyanya kuunganidzwa kumashure kwe 后壁 yedziva rakanyungudutswa pa weld centerline. Pa welding ye laser oscillating, symmetry yekugoverwa kwema pore inoderera. Mufananidzo uyu unoratidza nzvimbo yemaburi iri kure nekure kubva pamusoro peweld, uko mutsetse mutsvuku unomiririra muganhu uri pakati penzvimbo dze "ndiro" ne "stem". Kana paine maburi makuru anotonga (Mifananidzo (ac)), nzvimbo yemaburi iri pamusoro pemuganhu inodarika 85%. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kuchinja kwe contour pamuganhu murefu weitudinal kunogona kubata maburi mudziva reweld, uye maburi akabatwa anowanzo famba achienda kumusoro achifurirwa nekubhururuka. Kana paine maburi madiki anotonga (Mifananidzo (df)), maburi akanyanya munzvimbo iri mukati me 0.5 mm pasi pemuganhu. Nguva pfupi yekutonhora uye kufamba kudiki kumusoro zvinogona kunge zviri zvikonzero zvechiitiko ichi.

5 Mhedziso

(1) Mhando dzakasiyana dze laser oscillation dzine mhedzisiro yakajeka pamusoro pe weld. Amplitude yakakwira uye frequency inogona kuvandudza kunaka kwenzvimbo, nepo ma parameter e oscillation akakura zvakanyanya anogona kuwedzera kuomarara uye kukonzera zvikanganiso zve concave.

(2) Chimiro cheweld chinonyanya kutsanangurwa nematanho e laser oscillation, ayo anokanganisa kumhanya kwewelding, kugoverwa kwesimba, uye kupisa kwese. Nekuwedzera kwe oscillation amplitude, chimiro cheweld chinoshanduka kubva pa "goblet" kuenda pa "crescent", uye aspect ratio inoderera.

(3) Nekuwedzera kwehukuru hwe oscillation uye frequency, dziva rakanyungudutswa rinokura uye chikamu chekumashure chinotenderera. Mhedzisiro ye oscillation inowedzera kureba kwedziva rakanyungudutswa, izvo zvinobatsira pakubuda kwemabubble uye kuoma kwakafanana. Panguva yekushongedza mutsetse wakatwasuka, nzvimbo yekuvhura keyhole inochinja-chinja; kana tichienzanisa, kuchinja uku kunogona kuderedzwa, zvichivandudza kugadzikana kwe welding.

(4) Kuwedzera kwehukuru hwe oscillation uye frequency kunoderedza kupisa kwemafuta uye kukura kwezviyo, izvo zvinobatsira pakuumbwa kwezviyo zvakakura. Zvisinei, laser stirving effect inobatsira kunatsa saizi yezviyo uye kuvandudza simba remagadzirirwo. Pasi pema parameter akasiyana e laser, kuomarara kwe weld kunoramba kwakadzikama, kwakaderera zvishoma pane kwebase material, izvo zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekurasikirwa kwe evaporation ye magnesium.

(5) Kuongororwa kweX-ray kunoratidza kuti welding yakatwasuka ine porosity yakakwira (2.49%) uye vhoriyamu yakakura yepore kupfuura welding inotenderera. Kuwedzera maparamita epore kunogona kuderedza porosity zvakanyanya, zvichitosvika 0.22% kana amplitude iri 2 mm. Kupararira kwenzvimbo yepore kunochinja nekutenderera: mapore makuru anoungana kumashure kwedziva rakanyungudutswa, uye mapore madiki ane symmetry iri nani. Mapore makuru anonyanya kupararira pamusoro pemuganhu uri pakati penzvimbo dze "ndiro" ne "stem", nepo mapore madiki akanyanya kuzara pasi pemuganhu.