1. Nheyo yekugadzira laser
Maumbirwo eatomu akafanana nehurongwa hudiki hwezuva, nenucleus yeatomu iri pakati. Maerekitironi anogara achitenderera kutenderedza nucleus yeatomu, uye nucleus yeatomu inogara ichitenderera.
Nheyo yacho inoumbwa nemapurotoni nemanyuturoni. Mapurotoni ane chaji yakanaka uye manyuturoni haana chaji. Huwandu hwechaji dzakanaka dzinotakurwa nenyuturoni yese hwakaenzana nehuwandu hwechaji dzisina kunaka dzinotakurwa nemaerekitironi ese, saka kazhinji maatomu haana kwaakarerekera kunyika yekunze.
Kana tichitaura nezvehukuru hweatomu, nucleus inounganidza huwandu hwakawanda hwehuremu hweatomu, uye huremu hunoshandiswa nemaerekitironi ese hudiki kwazvo. Muchimiro cheatomu, nucleus inongotora nzvimbo diki chete. Maerekitironi anotenderera nucleus, uye maerekitironi ane nzvimbo yakakura kwazvo yekushanda.
Maatomu ane "simba remukati", iro rine zvikamu zviviri: chimwe ndechekuti maerekitironi ane kumhanya kunotenderera uye simba rekinetic rakati; chimwe ndechekuti pane chinhambwe pakati pemaerekitironi ane negative charged nenucleus ine positive charged, uye pane huwandu hwakati hwesimba rinokwanisa. Huwandu hwesimba rekinetic uye simba rinokwanisa remaerekitironi ese isimba reatomu rese, iro rinonzi simba remukati reatomu.
Maerekitironi ese anotenderera nucleus; dzimwe nguva pedyo nenucleus, simba remaerekitironi aya diki; dzimwe nguva kure nenucleus, simba remaerekitironi aya rakakura; zvichienderana nemukana wekuitika, vanhu vanopatsanura electron layer kuita "Energy Level" dzakasiyana; Pane "Energy Level" yakati, panogona kunge paine maerekitironi akawanda anotenderera nguva nenguva, uye erekitironi yega yega haina orbit yakatarwa, asi maerekitironi aya ese ane level imwechete yesimba; "Energy Levels" akaparadzaniswa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe. Ehe, akaparadzaniswa zvichienderana nemazinga esimba. Pfungwa ye "energy level" haingopatsanuri maerekitironi mumazinga zvichienderana nesimba, asiwo inoparadzanisa nzvimbo inotenderera yemaerekitironi mumazinga akawanda. Muchidimbu, atomu inogona kuva nemazinga akawanda esimba, uye mazinga akasiyana esimba anoenderana nesimba rakasiyana; mamwe maerekitironi anotenderera pa "low energy level" uye mamwe maerekitironi anotenderera pa "high energy level".
Mazuva ano, mabhuku efizikisi echikoro chepakati akanyatsoratidza hunhu hwemaumbirwo emaatomu mamwe, mitemo yekugoverwa kwemaerekitironi muchikamu chimwe nechimwe chemaerekitironi, uye huwandu hwemaerekitironi pamazinga akasiyana esimba.
Muhurongwa hwemaatomu, maerekitironi anofamba-famba muzvikamu, mamwe maatomu ari padanho resimba rakakwirira uye mamwe ari padanho resimba rakaderera; nekuti maatomu anogara achikanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze (tembiricha, magetsi, magnetism), maerekitironi ane simba rakawanda haana kugadzikana uye achachinja nekukasika kuenda padanho resimba rakaderera, mhedzisiro yacho inogona kunyudzwa, kana kuti inogona kuburitsa mhedzisiro yakakosha yekutsamwisa uye kukonzera "kubuda kwesimba kwakazvimirira". Nokudaro, muhurongwa hwemaatomu, kana maerekitironi ane simba rakawanda achichinja kuenda padanho resimba rakaderera, pachava nezviratidzo zviviri: "kubuda kwesimba kwakazvimirira" uye "kubuda kwesimba kwakawedzerwa".
Mwaranzi inongoerekana yaitika, maerekitironi ari mumamiriro esimba rakawanda haana kugadzikana uye, achikanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze (tembiricha, magetsi, magnetism), anongoerekana aenda kune mamiriro esimba rakaderera, uye simba rakawandisa rinoburitswa muchimiro chemaphotoni. Hunhu hwerudzi urwu rwemwaranzi ndehwekuti shanduko yeerekitironi yega yega inoitwa yega uye haina kurongeka. Mamiriro ephoton ekuburitswa kwemaerekitironi akasiyana akasiyana. Kuburitswa kwechiedza kunongoerekana kwaitika kuri mumamiriro "asina kurongeka" uye kune mativi akapararira. Zvisinei, mwaranzi inongoerekana yaitika ine hunhu hwemaatomu pachawo, uye maspectra emwaranzi inongoerekana yaitika yemaatomu akasiyana akasiyana. Kutaura nezveizvi, zvinoyeuchidza vanhu nezveruzivo rwekutanga mufizikisi, "Chero chinhu chine kugona kuburitsa kupisa, uye chinhu chine kugona kuramba chichitora nekuburitsa mafungu emagetsi. Mafungu emagetsi anoburitswa nekupisa ane kugoverwa kwakati. Kugoverwa uku kwakabatana nehunhu hwechinhu pachacho nekupisa kwacho." Saka, chikonzero chekuvapo kwemwaranzi inodziya ndiko kubuda kwemaatomu kunongoerekana kwaitika.
Mukugadzirwa kwema "emission" anokurudzirwa, maerekitironi ane simba rakawanda anoshanduka kuenda ku "low-energy level" pasi pe "stimulation" kana "induction" ye "photons akakodzera mamiriro ezvinhu" uye anoburitsa photon ine frequency yakafanana ne incident photon. Chinhu chikuru che stimulated radiation ndechekuti ma photons anokonzerwa ne stimulated radiation ane mamiriro akafanana nema incident photons anogadzira stimulated radiation. Ari mu "coherent" state. Ane frequency yakafanana uye direction imwe chete, uye hazvigoneke zvachose kusiyanisa musiyano pakati peaya maviri. Nenzira iyi, photon imwe inova ma photons maviri akafanana kuburikidza ne stimulated emission imwe chete. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chiedza chinowedzerwa, kana kuti "kuwedzerwa".
Zvino ngationgororei zvakare, ndeapi mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa kuti tiwane mwaranzi inosimudzirwa kakawanda?
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairika, huwandu hwemaerekitironi ane simba rakawanda hunogara huri pasi pehuwandu hwemaerekitironi ane simba rakaderera. Kana uchida kuti maatomu agadzire mwaranzi inosimudzirwa, unoda kuwedzera huwandu hwemaerekitironi ane simba rakawanda, saka unoda "pombi inotangira", ine chinangwa chekukurudzira mamwe maerekitironi akawanda ane simba rakaderera anosvetukira kumazinga esimba rakawanda, saka huwandu hwemaerekitironi ane simba rakawanda huchava hwakawanda kupfuura huwandu hwemaerekitironi ane simba rakaderera, uye "kudzoserwa kwenhamba yezvikamu" kuchaitika. Maerekitironi akawanda ane simba rakawanda anogona kugara kwenguva pfupi chete. Nguva ichasvetukira kumazinga esimba akaderera, saka mukana wekuburitswa kwemwaranzi kunosimudzirwa uchawedzera.
Ehe, "pombi inobva" yakagadzirirwa maatomu akasiyana. Inoita kuti maerekitironi "aite ruzha" uye inobvumira maerekitironi akawanda ane simba shoma kuti asvetuke kusvika padanho resimba rakawanda. Vaverengi vanogona kunzwisisa kuti chii chinonzi laser? Laser inogadzirwa sei? Laser "mwaranzi yechiedza" ino "fadzwa" nemaatomu echinhu chiri pasi pesimba re "pombi inobva" chaiyo. Iyi i laser.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-27-2024
