Nheyo dzeKucheka kweLaser uye Sisitimu Yayo Yekugadzirisa —Midziyo yekucheka neLaser

II. Kuumbwa kweMidziyo yeKucheka yeLaser

2.1 Zvikamu uye Nheyo yeKushanda yeMuchina weKucheka weLaser

Muchina wekucheka nelaser une muchina wekucheka nelaser, musoro wekucheka, musanganiswa wekutumira beam, tafura yekushanda yemuchina, sisitimu yekudzora nhamba (NC), komputa (hardware nesoftware), chiller, silinda yegesi inochengetedza, muunganidzi weguruva, uye muchina wekuomesa mhepo.

Jenareta yeLaser

Jenareta yelaser mudziyo unogadzira manyuko echiedza chelaser. Pamashandisirwo ekucheka nelaser, michina mizhinji inoshandisa CO₂ gas lasers ine simba rekushandura electro-optical uye simba guru rekuburitsa, kunze kwezviitiko zvishoma apo maYAG solid-state lasers anoshandiswa. Haasi ese malaser akakodzera kucheka, sezvo kucheka nelaser kuchiita kuti pave nezvinodiwa zvakanyanya pamhando yemwaranzi.
Musoro wekucheka

Inonyanya kusanganisira zvinhu zvakaita se nozzle, focusing lens, uye focus tracking system.

Mudziyo wekucheka musoro unoshandiswa kufambisa musoro wekucheka kuti ufambe uchitevedza Z-axis zvichienderana nemapurogiramu akarongwa. Une servo motor uye zvikamu zve transmission zvakaita se lead screws kana magiya.

(1) Nozzle: Kune mhando nhatu huru dzema nozzle: parallel type, convergent type, uye conical type.

(2) Focusing Lens: Kuti ucheke uchishandisa simba relaser beam, danda rekutanga rinoburitswa nelaser rinofanira kunangidzirwa kuburikidza nelens kuti rigadzire nzvimbo ine simba rakawanda. Malenzi epakati nepakati neakareba akakodzera kucheka maplate akakora uye ane zvinodiwa zvishoma zvekugadzikana kwenzvimbo yetracking system. Malenzi mapfupi efocus length akakodzera chete kucheka maplate matete ari pasi pe3 mm; ane zvinodiwa zvakasimba zvekugadzikana kwenzvimbo yetracking system asi anogona kuderedza zvakanyanya simba rinodiwa relaser output.

(3) Sisitimu Yekutevera: Sisitimu yekutevera yakanangana nemuchina wekucheka nelaser inowanzo kuve nemusoro wekucheka wakanangana nesisitimu yekuongorora. Musoro wekucheka unobatanidza mabasa ekutungamira nekutarisa danda, kutonhodza mvura, kufuridza gasi, uye kugadzirisa michina.

Sensor iyi ine zvinhu zvinonzwa uye amplification control unit. Masisitimu ekutevera anosiyana zvachose zvichienderana nerudzi rwezvinhu zvinonzwa. Kune mhando mbiri huru dziripo: imwe i capacitive sensor tracking system, inozivikanwawo se non-contact tracking system; imwe i inductive sensor tracking system, inonziwo contact tracking system.
Kuungana kweKutumira Beam

Nzira yekunze yekuona: Magirazi anotarisa anoshandiswa kutungamira danda relaser munzira yaunoda. Kudzivirira zvikanganiso munzira yedanda, magirazi ese anotarisa anodzivirirwa nezvidziviriro, uye gasi rakachena rekudzivirira rinoiswa kuti magirazi asasvibiswe. Lenzi inoshanda zvakanyanya inogona kutarisisa danda risingaparadzanise munzvimbo diki isina mugumo. Lenzi ine urefu hwemasendimita mashanu nehafu (5.0-inch focal length) inowanzoshandiswa, nepo lenzi ye7.5-inch ichingoshanda chete pazvinhu zvekucheka zvakakora kupfuura 12 mm.
Tafura Yekushanda Yechishandiso Chemuchina

Muviri Mukuru weMuchina: Chikamu chezvishandiso zvemuchina chemuchina wekucheka nelaserndiyo chikamu chemakanika chinoita kuti X, Y, uye Z axes ifambe, kusanganisira puratifomu yebasa rekucheka.
Sisitimu Yekudzora Nhamba

Sisitimu yeNC inodzora chishandiso chemuchina kuti iite mafambiro eX, Y, Z-axis uye inodzora simba rekubuda kwelaser panguva imwe chete.
Sisitimu Yekutonhodza

Chiringi Chinoshandiswa kutonhodza jenareta yelaser. Laser mudziyo unoshandura simba remagetsi kuita simba rechiedza. Semuenzaniso, kushanda zvakanaka kwe CO₂ gas laser kunowanzova 20%, simba rasara richishandurwa kuita kupisa. Mvura inotonhodza inobvisa kupisa kwakawandisa kuti irambe ichishanda zvakanaka nejenareta yelaser. Chiringi chinotonhodzawo magirazi ekunze e optical path uye ma lenses e focusing emuchina, zvichiita kuti beam transmission ive yakanaka uye zvinobudirira kudzivirira lens kushanduka kana kutsemuka nekuda kwekupisa zvakanyanya.
Masirinda egasi

Masilinda egasi anosanganisira masilinda epakati anoshanda uye masilinda egasi ekubatsira emuchina wekucheka nelaser, ayo anoshandiswa kuwedzera magasi eindasitiri ekugadzira nelaser uye kupa magasi ekubatsira emusoro wekucheka.
Sisitimu Yokubvisa Guruva

Inobvisa utsi neguruva zvinogadzirwa panguva yekugadzirisa uye inoita basa rekusefa kuitira kuti hutsi hwemhepo husvike padanho rekuchengetedza nharaunda.
Chinotonhodza Mhepo & Sefa

Inopa mhepo yakachena uye yakaoma kune jenareta yelaser uye nzira yemwaranzi, ichichengetedza mashandiro akajairika enzira yemwaranzi uye magirazi anoratidza chiedza.

2.2 Tochi Yekucheka NeLaser

Dhayagiramu yechimiro chetochi yekucheka nelaser inoratidzwa pazasi. Inonyanya kugadzirwa netochi, lenzi yekutarisa, girazi rinopenya, uye muromo wegesi unobatsira. Panguva yekucheka nelaser, tochi yekucheka inofanira kusangana nezvinodiwa zvinotevera:

① Tochi inogona kuburitsa mweya wakakwana.

② Nzira yekubuda kwegasi mukati metochi inofanira kunge yakabatana negirazi rinopenya.

③ Hurefu hwetochi hunogona kugadziriswa zviri nyore.

④ Panguva yekucheka, utsi hwesimbi nemasprays kubva musimbi yakachekwa hazvifanirwe kukuvadza girazi rinopenya.

Kufamba kwetochi yekucheka kunogadziriswa nehurongwa hwekufamba kweNC. Pane zviitiko zvitatu zvekufamba pakati petochi yekucheka nechinhu chebasa:

① Tochi inoramba yakamira ukuwo workpiece ichifamba nepa worktable — inonyanya kukodzera workpieces diki.

② Chishandiso chinoramba chakamira apo tochi inofamba.

③ Tochi netafura yekushanda zvinofamba panguva imwe chete.

2.2.1 Musoro Wekucheka

Musoro wekucheka nelaser uri pamucheto wesystem yekutumira beam, ine lenzi inotarisisa uye muromo wekucheka.

Magirazi ekutarisa anonyanya kurongwa zvichienderana nehurefu hwemagirazi. Midziyo yakawanda yekucheka nelaser ine misoro yakawanda yekucheka ine hurefu hwakasiyana hwemagirazi. Tichitora CO₂ laser cutting semuenzaniso, hurefu hwakajairika hwemagirazi ekutarisa i127 mm (5 in) uye 190 mm (7.5 in). Lenzi pfupi yekutarisa inogadzira nzvimbo diki yekutarisa uye hurefu hupfupi hwemagirazi, izvo zvinobatsira kuderedza upamhi hwekerf uye kuwana kucheka kwakapfava. Lenzi refu yekutarisa inogadzira nzvimbo yakakura yekutarisa uye hurefu hwakareba hwemagirazi ekutarisa. Kana ichienzaniswa nemagirazi mapfupi ekutarisa, magirazi marefu ekutarisa inokwanisa kupa danda rakatarisana rine simba relaser rakakwana pakugadzirisa zvinhu pedyo nenzvimbo yekutarisa. Nokudaro, magirazi mapfupi ekutarisa iwaya anonyanya kushandiswa pakucheka maplate matete nemazvo, nepo magirazi marefu ekutarisa iwaya anodiwa kuti zvinhu zvikobvu zviwane hurefu hwakakwana hwemagirazi ekutarisa, zvichiita kuti pave nekusiyana kushoma kwedhayamita yemavara uye huremu hwakakwana hwesimba mukati mehuwandu hwekucheka.

Magirazi ekutarisa anoshandiswa kutarisisa chiitiko chemwenje welaser uri pakati pemwenje muchiedza chekucheka, zvichiita kuti pave nehukuru hudiki uye simba rakawanda. Magirazi akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvinogona kuendesa wavelength yelaser. Girazi rekuona rinowanzo shandiswa kuma lasers akasimba, nepo zvinhu zvakaita seZnSe, GaAs, uye Ge zvichishandiswa kuma lasers eCO₂ gas (sezvo girazi rakajairika risingaonekwe neCO₂ laser beams), pakati pazvo ZnSe ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa.

Pakucheka nelaser, kuderedza dhayamita yenzvimbo yekutarisa kunodiwa kuti kuwedzere simba uye kugonese kucheka nekukurumidza. Zvisinei, kureba kwelenzi pfupi kunoguma nekudzika kudiki kwenzvimbo yekutarisa, zvichiita kuti zviomere kuwana nzvimbo yakaganhurirwa yakatwasuka paunenge uchicheka maplate akakora. Pamusoro pezvo, kureba kupfupi kwenzvimbo yekutarisa kunoderedza daro riri pakati pelenzi nechinhu chebasa, zvichiwedzera njodzi yekuti lenzi isvibiswe nemasprays akanyungudutswa panguva yekucheka uye zvichikanganisa mashandiro akajairika. Nokudaro, kureba kwakakodzera kwenzvimbo yekutarisa kunofanirwa kusarudzwa zvizere zvichibva pazvinhu zvakaita seukobvu hwekucheka uye zvinodiwa zvemhando yekucheka.

2.2.2 Girazi Rinopenya

Basa regirazi rinopenya nderekushandura divi redanda rinobuda kubva muraser. Kune matanda anobva kuma lasers akasimba, magirazi anopenya akagadzirwa negirazi re optical anogona kushandiswa. Kusiyana neizvi, magirazi anopenya ari mumidziyo yekucheka laser yeCO₂ gas anowanzo gadzirwa nemhangura kana simbi dzine reflectivity yakanyanya. Kudzivirira kukuvara kunokonzerwa nekupisa zvakanyanya kubva mukupiswa neraser panguva yekushanda, magirazi anopenya anowanzo tonhodzwa nemvura.

2.2.3 Muromo

Nhubu iyi inoshandiswa kupfapfaidza gasi rekubatsira munzvimbo yekucheka, uye chimiro chayo chine simba guru pakushanda zvakanaka uye kunaka kwekucheka. Mufananidzo 4.11 unoratidza maumbirwo akafanana enhubu yekucheka nelaser; maumbirwo enhubu iyi anosanganisira marudzi e cylindrical, conical, uye converging-diverging.

Kusarudzwa kwemuromo wemuchina kunowanzo tsanangurwa kuburikidza nemiedzo zvichibva pane zvinhu uye ukobvu hwebasa, uye kumanikidzwa kwegasi rekubatsira. Kucheka nelaser kunowanzo tora ma coaxial nozzles (apo kuyerera kwegasi kuri coaxial ne optical axis). Kana kuyerera kwegasi nelaser beam zvisiri coaxial, kupararira kwakanyanya kunogona kuitika panguva yekucheka. Rusvingo rwemukati rwemuromo wemuchina ...

Kushandiswa kwedhayamita yemuromo wemuromo wemuromo pakumhanya kwekucheka pasi pesimba relaser rakagadzika uye kumanikidzwa kwegasi rinobatsira kunoratidzwa muMifananidzo 4.12 na4.13. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kune dhayamita yemuromo we ...

Kuedzwa kwekucheka kwesimbi dzakaoma ne laser (dzinonetsa kucheka) kunoratidza kuti dhayamita yepamusoro ye nozzle orifice iri pedyo zvikuru nemhedzisiro iri pamusoro apa, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 4.14. Dhayamita ye nozzle orifice inokanganisawo hupamhi hwe kerf nehupamhi hwe heat-affected zone (HAZ). Sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 4.15, nekuwedzera kwedhayamita ye nozzle orifice, hupamhi hwe kerf hunowedzera nepo hupamhi hweHAZ huchidzikira. Chikonzero chikuru chekudzikira kweHAZ ndiko kuwedzera kwekutonhorera kwe assistant gas flow pane base material munzvimbo yekucheka.

2.3 Parameters yeMidziyo yeKucheka yeLaser

2.3.1 Midziyo yekucheka inofambiswa netochi

Mumichina yekucheka inofambiswa netochi, tochi yekucheka inoiswa pagantry inofambiswa uye inofamba yakatwasuka ichitevedza gantry beam (Y-axis). Gantry inofambisa tochi kuti ifambe ichitevedza X-axis, ukuwo workpiece iri patable yekushanda. Sezvo laser netochi yekucheka zvakarongwa zvakasiyana, hunhu hwe laser transmission, parallelism iri padivi pebeam scanning direction, uye kugadzikana kwemagirazi anoratidzira zvese zvinokanganiswa panguva yekucheka.

Midziyo yekucheka inofambiswa nemwenje inogona kugadzirisa zvidimbu zvebasa zvakakura. Inogara nzvimbo diki yepasi yenzvimbo yekugadzira kucheka uye inogona kubatanidzwa nyore nyore nemimwe michina kuti igadzire mutsetse wekugadzira. Zvisinei, kururama kwayo kwekuisa inongova ±0.04 mm chete.

Maumbirwo akajairika emidziyo yekucheka inofambiswa netochi anoratidzwa muMufananidzo 4.19. Muchina wekucheka weCO₂ laser unoenderera mberi washandiswa, daro kubva palaser kuenda kutochi yekucheka riri 18 m. Kuti kuve nechokwadi chekuti shanduko yedhayamita yedanda pamusoro pedaro iri rekutumirwa haikanganisi mashandiro ekucheka, musanganiswa wemagirazi e oscillator unofanirwa kugadzirwa nokungwarira.

Zviyero zvikuru zvehunyanzvi zvemidziyo yekucheka inofambiswa netochi ndeizvi:

Simba reLaser Output: 1.5 kW (mode imwe chete), 3 kW (mode dzakawanda)
Kurova kweTochi: X-axis 6.2 m, Y-axis 2.6 m
Kumhanya Kwekutyaira: 0–10 m/min (kunogona kugadziriswa)
Tochi Z-axis Floating Stroke: 150 mm
Kumhanya Kwekugadzirisa Tochi yeZ-axis: 300 mm/min
Saizi yepamusoro yepuratifomu yesimbi yakagadziriswa: 12 mm × 2400 mm × 6000 mm
Sisitimu Yekudzora: Yakabatanidzwa NC Control Mode

2.3.2 Midziyo yekucheka inofambiswa netafura yeXY

Mumidziyo yekucheka inotungamirwa netafura yeXY, tochi yekucheka inonamirwa pafuremu, uye workpiece inoiswa patafura yekucheka. Tafura yekucheka inofamba ichitevedza maX neY axes zvichienderana nemirairo yeNC, nekumhanya kwekutyaira kunogadziriswa kunowanzova pakati pe0–1 m/min kana 0–5 m/min. Sezvo tochi yekucheka ichiramba yakamira kana tichienzanisa neworkpiece, inoderedza kukanganiswa pakurongeka kwelaser beam uye pakati panguva yekucheka, ichivimbisa kushanda kwakafanana uye kwakasimba kwekucheka. Kana yakashongedzwa netafura yekucheka diki ine kunyatsojeka kwemuchina, muchina unowana kururama kwekuiswa kwe±0.01 mm uyekunyatsocheka kwakanyatsonaka, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kucheka zvinhu zvidiki nemazvo. Pamusoro pezvo, matafura makuru ekucheka ane X-axis stroke ye2300–2400 mm uye Y-axis stroke ye1200–1300 mm anowanikwa kuti agadziriswe maworkpieces makuru.

Zviyero zvikuru zvehunyanzvi zvemidziyo yekucheka inotungamirwa netafura yeXY ndeizvi:

Chitubu cheLaser: CO₂ gas laser (rudzi rwechubhu yakatwasuka yakavharwa zvishoma)
Simba reLaser: Voltage yekupinda 200 VAC; Voltage yekubuda 0–30 kV; Power yakakwira yekupinda 100 mA
Simba reKuburitsa Laser: 550 W
Kucheka Tafura Stroke: X-axis 2300 mm, Y-axis 1300 mm
Kumhanya kweKutyaira Tafura Yekucheka (Inogona Kugadziriswa nematanho): 0.4–5.0 m/min, 0.2–2.5 m/min, 0.1–1.3 m/min, 0.05–0.6 m/min
Tochi Z-axis Floating Stroke: 180 mm
Saizi yepamusoro yeplate yakagadzirwa: 6 mm × 1300 mm × 2300 mm
Sisitimu Yekudzora: Maitiro Ekudzora Nhamba (NC)

2.3.3 Midziyo Yekucheka Inofambiswa Nemaviri (Tochi & Tafura)

Midziyo yekucheka inofambiswa nembiri (torch & table) inowira pakati pemichina yekucheka inofambiswa netorch neXY iri mukugadzirwa kwayo. Torch yekucheka inoiswa pagantry uye inofamba yakatwasuka ichitevedza gantry beam (Y-axis), ukuwo tafura yekucheka ichifambiswa kwenguva refu. Dhizaini iyi yehybrid inobatanidza zvakanakira zvekucheka kwakanyatsonaka uye kushanda zvakanaka kuchengetedza nzvimbo. Nekunyatso tarisa kwe ±0.01 mm uye kumhanya kwekucheka kunogadziriswa kwe 0–20 m/min, ndeimwe yemichina yekucheka inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pamusika. Mhando hombe dzemuchina uyu dzinopa Y-axis stroke ye 2000 mm uye X-axis stroke ye 6000 mm, zvichibvumira kucheka workpieces hombe.

Chinosimudzira chiedza chelaser chakaiswa pagantry pamwe chete netochi yekucheka. Chimiro ichi chinopa kunyatsojeka pakucheka maburi akatenderera. Muchina uyu unewo kugona kukuru kwekugadzira: unogona kucheka maburi makumi mana nematanhatu akatenderera (10 mm mudhayamita) paminiti paplate yesimbi ine ukobvu hwe1 mm.

2.3.4 Midziyo Yekucheka Yakabatanidzwa

Munemuchina wekucheka wakabatanidzwa, chitubu chelaser chinoiswa pafuremu uye chinofamba nacho kwenguva refu, ukuwo tochi yekucheka ichibatanidzwa nehurongwa hwayo hwekufambisa kuti ifambe yakatwasuka ichitevedza danda refuremu. Muchina unoshandisa kutonga kwenhamba kucheka zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaumbwa. Kuti utsive musiyano wehurefu hwenzira yekutarisa hunokonzerwa nekufamba kwakatwasuka kwetochi yekucheka, module yekugadzirisa hurefu hwenzira yekutarisa inowanzo shongedzerwa. Module iyi inovimbisa kuti danda relaser rakafanana mukati menzvimbo yekucheka uye inochengetedza kunaka kwenzvimbo yekucheka kwakafanana.

Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-17-2025

Nheyo dzeKucheka kweLaser uye Sisitimu Yayo Yekugadzirisa — Midziyo Yekucheka yeLaser