Nzira Dzekushongedza dzeZvikamu Zvidiki neZvidiki Kushongedza neLaser inzira inoshanda uye chaiyo yekubatanidza inoshandisa danda relaser rine simba rakawanda senzvimbo yekupisa. Ndiyo imwe yenzira dzakakosha dzekushandisa tekinoroji yekugadzirisa zvinhu zvelaser. Muma1970, yainyanya kushandiswa pakushongedza zvinhu zvine madziro matete uye kushongedza nekukurumidza, uye maitiro ekubatanidza aive erudzi rwekupisa. Kunyanya, mwaranzi yelaser inopisa pamusoro pechinhu chebasa, uye kupisa kuri pamusoro kunopararira mukati kuburikidza nekupisa. Nekudzora maparamendi akadai sehupamhi, simba, simba repamusoro, uye kudzokorora kwekuputika kwelaser, chinhu chebasa chinonyungudutswa kuti chigadzire dziva rakanyungudutswa. Nekuda kwezvakanaka zvaro zvakasiyana, chakashandiswa zvinobudirira kunekupinza zvinhu zvidiki nemazvo.Tekinoroji yekushongedza nelaser yekuChina iri pakati pemhando yepamusoro yepasi rose. Ine tekinoroji uye kugona kugadzira zvikamu zvakaoma zve titanium alloy zvinopfuura 12 square metres ichishandisa laser, uye yakashandiswa mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro uye zvigadzirwa zvemapurojekiti akawanda ekutsvagisa ndege dzemuno. Muna Gumiguru 2013, nyanzvi yekushongedza nelaser yekuChina yakahwina Brook Award, mubairo wepamusoro-soro wedzidzo mumunda wekushongedza nelaser, izvo zvakasimbisa nhanho yepamusoro yepasi rose yekushongedza nelaser yekuChina.
## Nhoroondo Yebudiriro Beam rekutanga relaser pasi rose rakagadzirwa muna 1960 nemakristaro eruby anonakidza nemwenje weflash. Yakaganhurirwa nekukwanisa kupisa kwekristaro, yaingokwanisa kugadzira mwenje mipfupi chete ine frequency yakaderera. Kunyangwe simba rekukurumidza repulse peak raigona kusvika 10^6 watts, raive richiri remagetsi mashoma. Rodhi yekristaro yeyttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) ine neodymium (Nd) sechinhu chinosimudzira, inogona kugadzira beam yelaser ine wavelength imwe chete ine simba re1-8KW. Laser yeYAG, ine wavelength ye1.06μm, inogona kubatanidzwa nemusoro wekugadzirisa laser kuburikidza nefiber inochinjika, ine dhizaini yemidziyo inochinjika uye yakakodzera maworkpiece ekuwelda ane ukobvu hwe0.5-6mm. Laser yeCO₂, ichishandisa carbon dioxide semuchina unosimudzira simba (ine urefu hwe10.6μm), inogona kuwana simba rinosvika 25KW uye kuita kuti maplate ane 2mm-thick-penetration apenye kamwe chete. Yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira simbi muindasitiri. Pakati pema1980, laser welding, se tekinoroji itsva, yakakwezva kutariswa kukuru muEurope, United States, neJapan. Muna 1985, ThyssenKrupp Steel AG (Germany) neVolkswagen AG (Germany) vakashanda pamwe chete kuti vagamuchire blank yekutanga pasi rose ine laser-welded paAudi 100 body. Muma1990, vagadziri vemotokari vakuru muEurope, North America, neJapan vakatanga kushandisa tekinoroji isina laser-welded mukugadzira body yemotokari. Ruzivo rwekushanda kubva kumarabhoritari nevagadziri vemotokari rwakaratidza kuti blanks dzine laser-welded dzinogona kushandiswa zvinobudirira mukugadzira body yemotokari. Kushongedza neLaser kunoshandisa simba relaser kubatanidza otomatiki simbi dzakasiyana-siyana, simbi dzisina ngura, aruminiyamu, nezvimwewo, nezvinhu zvakasiyana, ukobvu, uye machira muplate, profile, kana sandwich panel. Izvi zvinosangana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvekushanda kwezvinhu, uye zvinoita kuti michina ive yakareruka uye ine huremu hwakanyanya, chimiro chakanaka, uye kushanda zvakanaka. Munyika dzakabudirira dzakadai seEurope neUnited States,kushongedza nelaserHaingoshandiswi muindasitiri yekugadzira michina yekufambisa chete asiwo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muminda yakaita sekuvaka, mabhiriji, kugadzira mapatani emidziyo yepamba, uye kusanganisa mapatani esimbi mumitsetse yekumonera (kubatanidza mapatani mukufamba nekumonera). Makambani ekugadzira mapatani elaser anozivikanwa pasi rose anosanganisira Soudonic (Switzerland), ArcelorMittal Group (France), ThyssenKrupp TWB (Germany), Servo-Robot (Canada), uye Precitec (Germany). Kushandiswa kwetekinoroji isina chinhu yakasungirirwa nelaser muChina kwatanga. Musi wa25 Gumiguru, 2002, mutsetse wekutanga wekugadzira mablank akasungirirwa nelaser wakatangwa zviri pamutemo muChina. Wakaunzwa neWuhan ThyssenKrupp Zhongren Laser Tailor Welding kubva kuThyssenKrupp TWB (Germany). Gare gare, Shanghai Baosteel Arcelor Laser Tailor Welding Co., Ltd., FAW Baoyou Laser Tailor Welding Co., Ltd., nemamwe mabhizinesi akaiswa mukugadzirwa zvakatevedzana. Muna 2003, nyika dzekunze dzakatanga kushandisa CO₂ laser filler wire welding ne double-beam.Yag laser filler waya weldingyechimiro chepazasi chemadziro cheA318 aluminum alloy. Tekinoroji iyi yakatsiva chimiro chekare chine riveted, ichideredza huremu hwefuselage yendege ne20% uye ichichengetedza 20% yemari. Gong Shuili aitenda kuti tekinoroji yelaser welding yaizotamba basa guru mukushandura nekusimudzira indasitiri yekugadzira ndege yechinyakare yeChina. Akabva angonyorera mapurojekiti akati wandei akabatana ekutsvagisa, akaronga timu yekutsvagisa, uye akatungamira mukuisa tekinoroji ye "double-beam laser welding" mumapurojekiti ekutsvagisa muChina. Kubva pakutanga chaipo, akaronga kushandisa tekinoroji iyi mukugadzira ndege. Chikwata chenyanzvi chekuChina chakashuma tekinoroji yekutanga kusangano rekugadzira ndege uye chakasimudzira zvakanakira uye kugona kwe double-beam laser welding. Mushure mekuongororwa kakawanda, sangano rekugadzira rakasarudza kushandisa tekinoroji iyi mukugadzira mapaneru emadziro ane ribbed kune imwe ndege, zvichizadzisa chinangwa chekutanga chekushandisa tekinoroji ye "double-beam laser welding" mukugadzira ndege. Yakapfuura nepakati pematekinoroji akakosha akadai sekudzora kwakaringana kwewaya yekuzadza laser yemagetsi akareruka, yakagadzira mudziyo wekubatanidza welaser welding hybrid welding wakabatanidzwa uye mutsva, yakagadzira chikuva chekutanga cheChina chekuzadza laser welding wire chemagetsi ane simba guru, yakagadzira welding yeT-joints ine mativi maviri uye mativi maviri muzvivakwa zvikuru zvine madziro matete, uye yakabudirira kuishandisa mukugadzira welding yezvikamu zvakakosha zvemapaneru emadziro ane ribbed endege kekutanga, ichiita basa rakakosha mukuvandudzwa kwendege itsva yeChina. Muna 2003, seti yekutanga yemidziyo yakakura yepamhepo yekubatanidza online yakapihwa neHG Laser yakagamuchirwa neinternet. Midziyo iyi inobatanidza kucheka kwelaser, welding, uye kupisa, zvichiita kuti HG Laser ive imwe yemabhizinesi mana pasi rose anokwanisa kugadzira michina yakadaro. Muna 2004, chirongwa che "High-Power Laser Cutting, Welding and Combined Cutting-Welding Processing Technology and Equipment" chakaitwa naHG Laser Farley Laserlab yakahwina Mubairo weChipiri weNational Science and Technology Progress Award, zvichiita kuti ive yega kambani yelaser muChina ine kugona kweR&D kweiyi tekinoroji nemidziyo. Nekukura nekukurumidza kweindasitiri yelaser yemaindasitiri, musika wakaisa zvinodiwa zvakanyanya zvetekinoroji yekugadzira laser. Tekinoroji yelaser yakachinja zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pakushandisa kamwe chete kuenda kukushandisa kwakasiyana-siyana. Panyaya yekugadzirisa laser, haisisiri kungogumira pakucheka kamwe chete kana kupinza. Kudiwa kwemusika kwemidziyo yekugadzira laser yakabatanidzwa inosanganisa kucheka nekupinza kuri kuwedzera, saka michina yekucheka nekupinza laser yakabatanidzwa yakabuda. HG Laser Farley Laserlab yakagadzira muchina wekucheka nekupinza weWalc9030 wakabatanidzwa, une fomati yakakura kwazvo ye9×3 metres, iyo parizvino iriyo michina mikuru pasi rose yekucheka nekupinza yelaser yakabatanidzwa. Walc9030 imuchina wekucheka nekupinza wemhando hombe unobatanidzakucheka kwelaser uye mabasa e laser welding. Yakashongedzerwa nemusoro wekucheka wehunyanzvi nemusoro wekubatanidza, uye misoro miviri yekugadzira ine danda rimwe chete. Tekinoroji yekudzora nhamba inoita kuti isapindirane. Midziyo iyi inogona kupedzisa maitiro maviri anoda kucheka nekubatanidza panguva imwe chete. Inogona kuchinja zvakasununguka pakati pekucheka kutanga wozobatanidza, kana kusanganisa kutanga wozobatanidza, zvichiita kuti mabasa ese ekucheka nekubatanidza ne laser nemudziyo mumwe chete pasina kudiwa kwemimwe michina. Izvi zvinochengetedza mari yemichina kune vagadziri vekushandisa, zvinovandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzirisa uye huwandu hwekugadzirisa. Uyezve, nekuda kwekubatanidzwa kwekucheka nekubatanidza, kururama kwekugadzirisa kwakavimbiswa zvizere, uye mashandiro emidziyo anoshanda uye akagadzikana. Pamusoro pezvo, yakakunda matambudziko ekushanduka kwekushisa kwemaplate panguva yekubatanidza maplate makuru uye kuona nzira dzakareba dzechiedza dzinobhururuka. Inogona kusanganisa maplate maviri akatsetseka ane urefu hwemamita matanhatu uye hupamhi hwemamita 1.5 panguva imwe chete, uye pamusoro pesimbi yakatsetseka uye yakati sandara pasina imwe post-processing. Panguva imwe chete, inogona kucheka maplate ane upamhi hwemamita matatu, kureba kwemamita anopfuura matanhatu, uye ukobvu husingasviki 20mm mune imwe nzira yekuumba isina kuiswa kwechipiri. Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, yakaita kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzese neIHI Corporation (Japan). Ichitevera hurongwa hwenyika hwekuvandudza sainzi netekinoroji hwe "kusuma, kugaya, kunyudza, uye kuvandudza patsva", yakakunda matekinoroji akakosha ekushongedza nelaser, vakagadzira seti yekutanga yeChina yemitsetse yakakwana yekugadzira laser custom-welding munaGunyana 2006, uye vakabudirira kugadzira sisitimu yerobhoti laser welding, zvichiita kuti laser welding yema planar uye spatial curves ishande zvakanaka. Muna Gumiguru 2013, nyanzvi yekuChina ye welding yakahwina Brook Award, mubairo wepamusoro-soro wedzidzo mumunda we welding. Sangano reWelding Institute (TWI, UK) rinokurudzira uye rinosarudza vanhu vanokwikwidza gore rega rega kubva kunhengo dzinopfuura 4,000 munyika dzinopfuura 120, uye pakupedzisira rinopa mubairo uyu kune imwe nyanzvi mukucherechedza mipiro yavo mikuru kusainzi netekinoroji ye welding kana joining uye mashandisirwo ayo mumaindasitiri. Mubairo uyu hausi kungozivikanwa kwaGong Shuili nechikwata chake chete asiwo kusimbisa basa reAVIC mukusimudzira kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji yekubatanidza zvinhu.
## Magadzirirwo eZvimiro
### Midziyo Yekushanda Inoumbwa ne oscillator ye optical ne medium yakaiswa pakati pemagirazi kumativi ese e oscillator cavity. Kana medium yashamiswa kusvika pakuva nesimba rakawanda, inotanga kugadzira mafungu echiedza ari muchikamu, ayo anoonekwa pakati pemagirazi kumativi ese, zvichiita kuti photoelectric concatenation effect iwedzere. Izvi zvinowedzera mafungu echiedza, uye kana simba rakakwana rawanikwa, laser inoburitswa. Laser inogonawo kutsanangurwa semudziyo unoshandura masosi ekutanga esimba akadai semagetsi, makemikari, simba rekupisa, simba rechiedza, kana simba renyukireya kuita electromagnetic radiation beams yema specific optical frequency (ultraviolet light, visible light, kana infrared light). Kushandurwa uku kunogona kuitwa zviri nyore mune mamwe ma solid, liquid, kana gaseous media. Kana ma media aya akatsamwa muchimiro chemaatomu kana mamorekuru, anogadzira chiedza chine chikamu chimwe chete uye chinenge rimwe wavelength—laser. Nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwemukati mechikamu uye hurefu hwewavelength imwe chete, kona yekusiyana idiki kwazvo, uye inogona kutumirwa kure isati yanyatsogadzirwa kuti ipe mabasa akadai sekushongedza, kucheka, uye kupisa. ### Kupatsanurwa kweLaser Kune mhando mbiri dzemalaser dzinoshandiswa pakushongedza, dzinoti CO₂ lasers uye Nd:YAG lasers. Malaser ese eCO₂ uye Nd:YAG lasers chiedza chisingaonekwe cheinfrared nemaziso asina kupfeka. Dara rinogadzirwa neNd:YAG laser rinonyanya kuve chiedza cheinfrared chine wavelength ye1.06μm. Maconductor ekupisa ane mwero wakakwira wekupinza chiedza chewavelength iyi, uye kune akawanda masimbi, reflectivity i20%-30%. Dara rewavelength yepedyo rinogona kutariswa kusvika dhayamita ye0.25mm uchishandisa ma lenses akajairwa e optical. Dara reCO₂ laser chiedza chewavelength ye10.6μm. Simbi zhinji dzine reflectivity ye80%-90% yerudzi urwu rwechiedza, saka ma lenses chaiwo e optical anodiwa kuti atarisise dayamita ye 0.75-1.0mm. Simba rema laser eNd:YAG rinowanzo kusvika pa4,000-6,000W, uye simba guru ikozvino rasvika pa10,000W. Kusiyana neizvi, simba rema laser eCO₂ rinogona kusvika pa20,000W kana kupfuura. Ma laser eCO₂ ane simba guru anogadzirisa dambudziko re reflectivity yepamusoro kuburikidza ne keyhole effect. Kana pamusoro pechinhu chakavhenekerwa nechiedza chinonyunguduka, keyhole inoumbwa. Iyi keyhole yakazadzwa neutsi yakaita semuviri mutema, unotora simba rese re incident light. Tembiricha ye equilibrium mukati me keyhole inosvika pa25,000°C, uye reflectivity inoderera nekukurumidza mukati mema microseconds mashoma. Kunyangwe chinangwa chekuvandudza ma CO₂ lasers chichiri kutarisa pakugadzira nekutsvaga michina, hachisiri chekuwedzera simba guru rinobuda, asi nezve maitiro ekuvandudza kunaka kwemuti uye mashandiro awo ekutarisa. Pamusoro pezvo, kana argon ikashandiswa segasi rekudzivirira re CO₂ laser welding ine simba rinopfuura 10kW, inowanzo konzera plasma yakasimba, izvo zvinoderedza kudzika kwekupinda. Nokudaro, helium, iyo isingaburitse plasma, inowanzo shandiswa segasi rekudzivirira re CO₂ laser welding ine simba guru. Kushandiswa kwe diode laser combinations ye high-power Nd:YAG crystals inyaya yakakosha yekutsvagisa nekusimudzira, iyo ichavandudza zvikuru mhando ye laser beams uye kugadzira laser processing inoshanda zvakanyanya. Kushandiswa kwe direct diode arrays kumutsa nekuburitsa ma lasers munzvimbo iri pedyo ne infrared kwawana avhareji yesimba re 1kW uye photoelectric conversion efficiency yeinenge 50%. Ma diode ane hupenyu hwakareba hwebasa (10,000 maawa), izvo zvinobatsira kuderedza mutengo wekugadzirisa michina ye laser. Kugadzirwa kwemidziyo yelaser ine diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) kuri kufambira mberiwo.
Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-27-2025
