Mumakore achangopfuura, nekuda kwekukura nekukurumidza kweindasitiri itsva yesimba, kupinza nelaser kwakakurumidza kupinda muindasitiri itsva yesimba nekuda kwezvakanaka zvayo zvinokurumidza uye zvakagadzikana. Pakati pazvo, michina yekupinza nelaser ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri itsva yese yesimba.
Kushongedza neLaseryakakurumidza kuva sarudzo yekutanga mumativi ese ehupenyu nekuda kwekumhanya kwayo nekukurumidza, kudzika kukuru, uye kushanduka kudiki. Kubva pakuisa maspot kusvika pakuisa mabutt, kuunganidza uye kuisa ma seal welds,welding nelaserinopa kururama uye kutonga kusingaenzaniswi. Inoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri nekugadzira, kusanganisira indasitiri yemauto, kurapwa, ndege, zvikamu zvemotokari zve3C, simbi yemakanika, simba idzva nemamwe maindasitiri.
Kana tichienzanisa nedzimwe nzira dzekugadzira welding, laser welding ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira.
Zvakanakira:
1. Kumhanya nekukurumidza, kudzika kukuru uye kushanduka kudiki.
2. Kusonerera kunogona kuitwa patembiricha yakajairika kana mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, uye michina yekusonerera iri nyore. Semuenzaniso, danda relaser haritsvedzeri mumunda wemagetsi. MaLaser anogona kusonerera munzvimbo ine vacuum, mhepo kana mamwe magasi, uye anogona kusonerera zvinhu zviri kuburikidza negirazi kana kuti zvinoonekera kudanda relaser.
3. Inogona kusanganisa zvinhu zvinoramba zvakaita setitanium nequartz, uye inogonawo kusanganisa zvinhu zvakasiyana neizvi zvichiguma zvakanaka.
4. Kana laser yanyatsotarisa, simba remagetsi rinokwira. Chiyero cheaspect chinogona kusvika 5:1, uye chinogona kusvika 10:1 pakusanganisa michina ine simba guru.
5. Kupinza zvinhu zvishoma kunogona kuitwa. Mushure mekunge danda relaser ranyatsoonekwa, nzvimbo diki inogona kuwanikwa uye inogona kuiswa nemazvo. Inogona kuiswa pakusangana nekupinza zvinhu zvidiki nezvidiki kuti pave nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda otomatiki.
6. Inogona kusundira nzvimbo dzakaoma kusvika uye kuita welding isingasvikike kure, nekuchinjika kukuru. Kunyanya mumakore achangopfuura, tekinoroji yekugadzira laser yeYAG yakashandisa tekinoroji yekutumira fiber ye optical, izvo zvakaita kuti tekinoroji ye laser welding ikurudzirwe uye ishandiswe zvakanyanya.
7. Danda relaser riri nyore kupatsanura nenguva nenzvimbo, uye matanda akawanda anogona kugadziriswa munzvimbo dzakawanda panguva imwe chete, zvichipa mamiriro ekunamira kwakanyatsojeka.
Chikanganiso:
1. Kurongeka kwechikamu chebasa kunodiwa kuti chive chakakwirira, uye nzvimbo yedanda pachigadzirwa chebasa haigone kutsauswa zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti saizi yenzvimbo yelaser mushure mekutarisisa idiki uye musono we weld wakamanikana, zvichiita kuti zviome kuwedzera zvinhu zvesimbi zvekuzadza. Kana kurongeka kwechikamu chebasa kana kurongeka kwedanda kuchisasangana nezvinodiwa, zvikanganiso zve welding zvinogona kuitika.
2. Mutengo wema lasers nemasystem akafanana wakakwira, uye mari inoiswa kamwe chete yakakura.
Zvikanganiso zvinowanzoitwa ne laser weldingmukugadzira mabhatiri e lithium
1. Kupinza kwesimbi
Zvikanganiso zvakajairika muwelding nelasermaburi. Dziva rakanyungudutswa rekuwelda rakadzika uye rakamanikana. Munguva yekuwelda nelaser, nitrogen inopinda mudziva rakanyungudutswa ichibva kunze. Munguva yekutonhodza nekusimba kwesimbi, kunyunguduka kwenitrogen kunoderera nekudzikira kwekupisa. Kana simbi yakanyungudutswa yatonhora kuti itange kuumba crystallize, , kunyunguduka kunodonha zvakanyanya uye kamwe kamwe. Panguva ino, huwandu hwakawanda hwegasi huchadonha kuita mabubble. Kana kumhanya kwebubbles kuri pasi pekukurumidza kwecrystallize yesimbi, mapores anogadzirwa.
Mukushandiswa muindasitiri yemabhatiri e lithium, tinowanzoona kuti maburi anowanzoonekwa panguva yekusveta electrode yakanaka, asi haawanzoitika panguva yekusveta electrode isina kunaka. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti electrode yakanaka yakagadzirwa nearuminiyamu uye electrode isina kunaka yakagadzirwa nemhangura. Munguva yekusveta, aruminiyamu yemvura iri pamusoro inenge yaita denderedzwa gasi remukati risati razara zvizere, zvichidzivirira gasi kuti risafashukire uye rigadzire maburi makuru nemadiki. Stomata diki.
Pamusoro pezvinokonzera maburi ataurwa pamusoro apa, maburi anosanganisirawo mhepo yekunze, hunyoro, mafuta epamusoro, nezvimwewo. Pamusoro pezvo, divi uye kona yekufemera kwenitrogen zvinokanganisawo kuumbwa kwemaburi.
Nezve nzira yekuderedza kuitika kwemapore ekuwelding?
Kutanga, pamberikusona, mavara netsvina yemafuta pamusoro pezvinhu zvinopinda zvinofanira kucheneswa nenguva; mukugadzirwa kwemabhatiri e lithium, kuongorora zvinhu zvinopinda inzira inokosha.
Chechipiri, kuyerera kwegasi rinochengetedza kunofanirwa kugadziriswa zvichienderana nezvinhu zvakaita sekumhanya kwewelding, simba, nzvimbo, nezvimwewo, uye hazvifanirwe kunge zvakakura kana kudiki. Kumanikidzwa kwejasi rekudzivirira kunofanirwa kugadziriswa zvichienderana nezvinhu zvakaita sesimba relaser nenzvimbo yekutarisa, uye hazvifanirwe kunge zvakakwira kana kuderera zvakanyanya. Chimiro chejasi rekudzivirira chinofanirwa kugadziriswa zvichienderana nechimiro, gwara nezvimwe zvinhu zveweld kuitira kuti jasi rekudzivirira rikwanise kufukidza zvakaenzana nzvimbo yewelding.
Chechitatu, dzora tembiricha, hunyoro neguruva mumhepo muworkshop. Tembiricha yemhepo nehunyoro zvichakanganisa hunyoro pamusoro pe substrate negasi rinodzivirira, izvo zvichakanganisa kugadzirwa nekubuda kwehunyoro hwemvura mudziva rakanyungudutswa. Kana tembiricha yemhepo nehunyoro zvakanyanyisa, pachava nehunyoro hwakawanda pamusoro pe substrate negasi rinodzivirira, zvichigadzira hunyoro hwakawanda hwemvura, zvichikonzera maburi. Kana tembiricha yemhepo nehunyoro zvakaderera, pachava nehunyoro hushoma pamusoro pe substrate negasi rinodzivirira, zvichideredza kugadzirwa kwehunyoro hwemvura, nokudaro zvichideredza maburi; rega vashandi vemhando yepamusoro vaone kukosha kwekupisa, hunyoro neguruva panzvimbo yekuwelding.
Chechina, nzira yekuchinjika kwedanda inoshandiswa kuderedza kana kubvisa maburi muwelding inopinza ne laser. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kweswing panguva yekuchinjika, kuchinjika kwedanda kune weld seam kunokonzera kunyungudika kwechikamu cheweld seam kakawanda, izvo zvinoita kuti nguva yekugara kwesimbi yemvura mudziva rekuchinjika iwedzere. Panguva imwe chete, kutsauka kwedanda kunowedzerawo kupisa kwenzvimbo yega yega. Chiyero chekudzika kusvika paupamhi cheweld chinoderedzwa, izvo zvinoita kuti mabubbles abude, nokudaro zvichibvisa maburi. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuchinjika kwedanda kunoita kuti gomba diki ritenderere zvinoenderana, izvo zvinogona zvakare kupa simba rekuchinjika kwedziva rekuchinjika, kuwedzera convection nekuchinjika kwedziva rekuchinjika, uye kuva nemigumisiro inobatsira pakubvisa maburi.
Cheshanu, frequency yekurova kwemoyo, frequency yekurova kwemoyo inoreva huwandu hwemapulses anoburitswa nelaser beam per unit time, izvo zvinokanganisa kupisa kunopinda uye kuunganidzwa kwekupisa mudziva rakanyungudutswa, uye zvinokanganisa nzvimbo yekupisa uye nzvimbo yekuyerera mudziva rakanyungudutswa. Kana frequency yekurova kwemoyo yakanyanya, zvinotungamira kukupisa kwakanyanya mudziva rakanyungudutswa, zvichiita kuti tembiricha yedziva rakanyungudutswa ive yakakwira zvakanyanya, zvichigadzira utsi hwesimbi kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshanduka pakupisa kwakanyanya, zvichikonzera mapores. Kana frequency yekurova kwemoyo yakanyanya yakaderera, zvinotungamira kukusakwana kwekupisa mudziva rakanyungudutswa, zvichiita kuti tembiricha yedziva rakanyungudutswa ive yakaderera zvakanyanya, zvichideredza kunyungudutswa nekubuda kwegasi, zvichikonzera mapores. Kazhinji, frequency yekurova kwemoyo inofanira kusarudzwa mukati mehuwandu hwakakodzera zvichibva pakukora kwe substrate nesimba re laser, uye kudzivirira kuva yakakwira zvakanyanya kana yakaderera zvakanyanya.
Maburi ekuwedera (laser welding)
2. Kusasa mvura ne weld
Kusasaradza kunobva panguva yekusanganisa, kusanganisa nelaser kuchakanganisa zvakanyanya kunaka kweweld, uye kuchasvibisa nekukuvadza lenzi. Mashandiro ese ndeaya: mushure mekunge laser welding yapera, zvidimbu zvakawanda zvesimbi zvinoonekwa pamusoro pechinhu kana workpiece uye zvinonamatira pamusoro pechinhu kana workpiece. Mashandiro anonyanya kunzwisisika ndeekuti kana uchisanganisa negalvanometer, mushure menguva yekushandiswa kwelenzi yekudzivirira yegalvanometer, pachava nemakomba akakora pamusoro, uye makomba aya anokonzerwa nekusasaradza kwewelding. Mushure menguva yakareba, zviri nyore kuvharira chiedza, uye pachava nematambudziko newelding light, zvichikonzera matambudziko akawanda akadai sekusanganisa kwewelding uye kusanganisa kwevirtual.
Ndezvipi zvikonzero zvekupfapfaidza?
Chekutanga, kuwanda kwesimba, kuwanda kwesimba, ndiko kuri nyore kugadzira spatter, uye spatter ine chekuita zvakananga nekuwanda kwesimba. Iri idambudziko remakore zana. Zvirinani kusvika pari zvino, indasitiri iyi haina kukwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko rekupfapfaidza, uye inogona kungotaura kuti yaderedzwa zvishoma. Muindasitiri yemabhatiri e lithium, kupfapfaidza ndiko kunokonzera bhatiri kupfupika, asi hakuna kukwanisa kugadzirisa chikonzero chikuru. Kukanganiswa kwespatter pabhatiri kunogona kuderedzwa chete kubva pakuona kwekudzivirira. Semuenzaniso, denderedzwa remapombi ekubvisa guruva uye zvivharo zvekudzivirira zvinowedzerwa zvakatenderedza chikamu chekupfapfaidza, uye mitsara yemapanga emhepo inowedzerwa mumadenderedzwa kudzivirira kukanganiswa kwespatter kana kutokuvadza bhatiri. Kuparadza nharaunda, zvigadzirwa uye zvikamu zvakatenderedza nzvimbo yekupfapfaidza zvinogona kunzi zvapedza simba.
Kana zviri zvekugadzirisa dambudziko rekupfapfaidza, zvinongotaurwa chete kuti kuderedza simba rekupfapfaidza kunobatsira kuderedza kupfapfaidza. Kuderedza kumhanya kwekupfapfaidza kunogonawo kubatsira kana kupinda kusina kukwana. Asi mune zvimwe zvinodiwa zvemaitiro chaiwo, hazvina zvazvinobatsira. Ndiwo maitiro akafanana, michina yakasiyana uye mabheti akasiyana ezvinhu zvine mhedzisiro dzakasiyana zvachose dzekupfapfaidza. Saka, kune mutemo usina kunyorwa muindasitiri itsva yesimba, seti imwe yematanho ekupfapfaidza echinhu chimwe chete chemuchina.
Chechipiri, kana pamusoro pechinhu chakagadziriswa kana workpiece isina kucheneswa, mavara emafuta kana kusvibiswa kwemhepo zvinokonzerawo kupfapfaidzwa kwakanyanya. Panguva ino, chinhu chiri nyore kuchenesa pamusoro pechinhu chakagadziriswa.
3. Kupenya kwakanyanya kwe laser welding
Kazhinji, kupenya kwakanyanya kunoreva chokwadi chekuti zvinhu zvinogadziriswa zvine simba diki, nzvimbo yakatsetseka, uye mwero wakaderera wekunyudzwa kwemalaser ari pedyo neinfrared, izvo zvinotungamira kune huwandu hwakawanda hwe laser emission, uye nekuti malaser mazhinji anoshandiswa akamira. Nekuda kwechinhu chacho kana huwandu hushoma hwekutsvedza, chiedza chelaser chinodzoka chinopinda zvakare mumusoro wekubuda, uye kunyange chikamu chechiedza chinodzoka chinosanganiswa mufiber inotumira simba, uye chinodzoserwa pamwe chete nefiber kuenda mukati melaser, zvichiita kuti zvikamu zvepakati mukati melaser zvirambe zviri pakupisa kwakanyanya.
Kana kupenya kwakanyanya panguva yekucheka nelaser, mhinduro dzinotevera dzinogona kutorwa:
3.1 Shandisa chifukidziro chekudzivirira mwenje kana gadzira pamusoro pechinhu chacho: kufukidza pamusoro pechinhu chekuwelda nechinhu chinodzivirira mwenje kunogona kuderedza mwenje welaser. Chifukidziro ichi chinowanzova chinhu chakakosha che optical chine mwenje wakaderera unobata simba relaser pachinzvimbo chekuchidzosera kumashure. Mune mamwe maitiro, akadai se current collector welding, soft connection, nezvimwewo, pamusoro pacho panogonawo kuiswa embossed.
3.2 Gadzirisa kona yekuwelding: Nekugadzirisa kona yekuwelding, danda relaser rinogona kuitika pachinhu chekuwelding pakona yakakodzera uye kuderedza kuitika kwekuratidzwa. Kazhinji, kuva nechiitiko chedanda relaser chakatarisana nepamusoro pechinhu chinofanira kuwelding inzira yakanaka yekuderedza kuratidzwa.
3.3 Kuwedzera assistant absorbent: Munguva yekushongedza, huwandu hwakati hweassistant absorbent, senge hupfu kana mvura, hunowedzerwa kune weld. Aya absorbents anonwisa laser energy uye anoderedza reflectivity. Akakodzera absorbent inofanira kusarudzwa zvichienderana nezvinhu zvekushongedza uye mamiriro ekushandiswa. Muindasitiri yemabhatiri e lithium, izvi hazvigoneke.
3.4 Shandisa fiber ye optical kutumira laser: Kana zvichibvira, fiber ye optical inogona kushandiswa kutumira laser kunzvimbo yekuwelding kuderedza kupenya. Fiber dze optical dzinogona kutungamira laser beam kunzvimbo yekuwelding kudzivirira kupenya zvakananga pamusoro pechinhu chekuwelding uye kuderedza kuitika kwekuratidzira.
3.5 Kugadzirisa maparamita elaser: Nekugadzirisa maparamita akadai sesimba relaser, urefu hwefocal, uye dhayamita yefocal, kugoverwa kwesimba relaser kunogona kudzorwa uye kuratidzwa kunogona kuderedzwa. Kune zvimwe zvinhu zvinoratidzwa, kuderedza simba relaser kungave nzira inoshanda yekuderedza kuratidzwa.
3.6 Shandisa beam splitter: Beam splitter inogona kutungamira chikamu chesimba relaser mumudziyo wekunyudza, nokudaro ichideredza kuitika kwe reflections. Midziyo yekuparadzanisa beam inowanzova nezvinhu zvinoshandisa optical components uye absorbers, uye nekusarudza zvikamu zvakakodzera nekugadzirisa marongerwo emudziyo, reflectivity yakaderera inogona kuwanikwa.
4. Kucheka pasi pewelding
Mukugadzirwa kwemabhatiri e lithium, ndeapi maitiro anowanzo kukonzera kuchekwa kwesimbi? Sei kuchekwa kwesimbi kuchiitika? Ngationgororei.
Zvishoma nezvishoma, kazhinji zvinhu zvekugadzirisa welding hazvina kunyatsobatanidzwa, mukaha wakakura zvakanyanya kana kuti goho rinoonekwa, kudzika nehupamhi zvakakura kupfuura 0.5mm, hurefu hwese hunopfuura 10% yehurefu hweweld, kana kupfuura hurefu hwechigadzirwa hunoenderana nehurefu hwakumbirwa.
Mukugadzirwa kwemabhatiri e lithium, kuchekwa kwepasi pevhu kunowanzoitika, uye kunowanzo shandiswa mu sealing pre-welding uye welding ye cylindrical cover plate uye sealing pre-welding uye welding ye square aluminum shell cover plate. Chikonzero chikuru ndechekuti sealing cover plate inofanira kushanda pamwe chete ne shell ku Welding, maitiro ekubatanidza pakati pe sealing cover plate ne shell anowanzo kuve nemaburi akawanda e weld, grooves, collapse, nezvimwewo, saka inonyanya kukanganiswa nekuchekwa kwepasi pevhu.
Saka chii chinokonzera kuchekwa kwechinhu chisina kunaka?
Kana kumhanya kwekuwelda kwacho kuchimhanya zvakanyanya, simbi yemvura iri kuseri kwegomba diki rakanongedzera pakati peweld haizove nenguva yekugovera patsva, zvichikonzera kuomarara uye kuderera kwesimbi kumativi ese eweld. Tichifunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu ari pamusoro apa, tinofanira kugadzirisa maparamita ekuwelda. Kuti zvive nyore, kuyedza kunodzokororwa kuti tiongorore maparamita akasiyana-siyana, uye kuramba tichiita DOE kusvika maparamita akakodzera awanikwa.
2. Kuwanda kwenzvimbo dzekuwedera, migero, kudonha, nezvimwewo zvezvinhu zvekuwedera zvinoderedza huwandu hwesimbi yakanyungudutswa inozadza nzvimbo dzacho, zvichiita kuti zvidzike zvishoma nezvishoma. Iyi inyaya yemidziyo nezvinhu zvakagadziriswa. Zvinhu zvekuwedera zvinosangana here nezvinodiwa nezvinhu zvinouya zvemaitiro edu, kana kururama kwemidziyo kuchisangana nezvinodiwa, nezvimwewo. Tsika yakajairika ndeyekugara uchitambudza nekurova vatengesi nevanhu vane mutoro wemidziyo.
3. Kana simba rikadonha nekukurumidza pakupera kwe laser welding, gomba diki rinogona kudonha, zvichikonzera kudonha kwenzvimbo. Kuenzanisa kwakakodzera kwesimba nekumhanya kunogona kudzivirira kuumbwa kwekucheka kushoma. Sezvinotaurwa nechirevo chekare, dzokorora kuyedza, simbisa maparamita akasiyana-siyana, uye ramba uchienderera mberi neDOE kusvika wawana maparamita akakodzera.
5. Kuputsika kwenzvimbo yekuwedera
Kana kumhanya kwekunamira kwesimbi kuchinonoka, dziva rakanyungudutswa richakura uye rakafara, zvichiwedzera huwandu hwesimbi yakanyungudutswa. Izvi zvinogona kuita kuti kuchengetedza kusimba kwepamusoro kuve kwakaoma. Kana simbi yakanyungudutswa yanyanya kurema, pakati pesimbi inogona kunyura yoita makomba. Muchiitiko ichi, huwandu hwesimba hunofanira kuderedzwa zvakakodzera kudzivirira kuputsika kwedziva rakanyungudutswa.
Mune imwe mamiriro ezvinhu, mukaha wekunamira unongoerekana wadonha pasina kukonzera kubooka. Hapana mubvunzo kuti iri idambudziko rekuti michina inofanira kuvharwa.
Kunzwisisa kwakakodzera zvikanganiso zvinogona kuitika panguva yekucheka nelaser uye zvikonzero zvezvikanganiso zvakasiyana kunobvumira nzira yakanangana yekugadzirisa matambudziko ese asina kujairika ekucheka nelaser.
6. Kupwanya matanda
Mitswe inoonekwa panguva yekubatanidza nelaser continuously inonyanya kuve mitswe inodziya, senge mitswe yekristaro uye mitswe yeliquefaction. Chikonzero chikuru chemitswe iyi masimba makuru ekupwanyika anokonzerwa neweld isati yanyatsosimba.
Kunewo zvikonzero zvinotevera zvekutsemuka kwe laser welding:
1. Dhizaini yeweld isina musoro: Dhizaini isina kunaka yejometri nehukuru hweweld inogona kukonzera kuwanda kwekumanikidzwa kwewelding, nokudaro zvichikonzera kutsemuka. Mhinduro ndeyekugadzirisa dhizaini yeweld kudzivirira kuwanda kwekumanikidzwa kwewelding. Unogona kushandisa ma welds akakodzera, kushandura chimiro cheweld, nezvimwewo.
2. Kusawirirana kwemaparamita ekuwelda: Kusasarudzwa zvakanaka kwemaparamita ekuwelda, akadai sekumhanya kwewelda nekukurumidza, simba rakawandisa, nezvimwewo, zvinogona kukonzera shanduko dzisina kuenzana pakupisa munzvimbo yekuwelda, zvichikonzera kushushikana kukuru uye kuputika kwewelding. Mhinduro ndeyekugadzirisa maparamita ekuwelda kuti aenderane nezvinhu zvakatarwa nemamiriro ekuwelda.
3. Kusagadzirira zvakanaka nzvimbo yekunamira: Kusachenesa zvakanaka uye kugadzirisa nzvimbo yekunamira usati wanamira, zvakaita sekubvisa maoxide, mafuta, nezvimwewo, zvinokanganisa kunaka uye simba renzvimbo yekunamira uye zvinokonzeresa kutsemuka. Mhinduro ndeyekuchenesa zvakakwana uye kugadzirisa nzvimbo yekunamira kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti tsvina nezvinhu zvakasvibiswa munzvimbo yekunamira zvagadziriswa zvakanaka.
4. Kusadzora zvakanaka kwekupisa kwekubatanidza: Kusadzora zvakanaka kupisa kwekubatanidza panguva yekubatanidza, zvakaita sekupisa kwakanyanya panguva yekubatanidza, kutonhora kusina kunaka kwechikamu chekubatanidza, nezvimwewo, zvinotungamira kuchinjwa kwechimiro chenzvimbo yekubatanidza, zvichikonzera kutsemuka. Mhinduro ndeyekudzora tembiricha nekutonhora kwekubatanidza panguva yekubatanidza kudzivirira kupisa zvakanyanya uye kutonhora nekukurumidza.
5. Kusakwana kwekurerutsira kushushikana: Kusakwana kwekurerutsira kushushikana mushure mekuwedera kuchaita kuti nzvimbo yakawedera isakwane, izvo zvinozokonzera kutsemuka. Mhinduro ndeyekuita kurapwa kwakakodzera kwekurerutsira kushushikana mushure mekuwedera, senge kurapwa nekupisa kana kurapwa nekudedera (chikonzero chikuru).
Nezvemaitiro ekugadzira mabhatiri e lithium, ndeapi maitiro anogona kukonzera kutsemuka?
Kazhinji, matombo anowanzo pwanyika panguva yekusunga simbi, zvakaita sekusunga simbi dzakaita secylindrical kana aluminium shells, kusunga simbi dzakaita searuminiyamu, nezvimwewo. Pamusoro pezvo, panguva yekurongedza module, kusanganisa simbi inounganidza zvinhu kunowanzo pwanyika.
Ehe, tinogonawo kushandisa waya yekuzadza, preheating kana dzimwe nzira dzekuderedza kana kubvisa mitswe iyi.
Nguva yekutumira: Gunyana-01-2023
